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Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to manage hypertension and edema by increasing sodium and water excretion. Structure of Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic similar to chlorthiazide but with a hydrochloride salt form to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₇H₇ClN₃O₄S₂·HCl Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule. … Read more
Chlorthiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema by promoting sodium and water excretion through the kidneys. Structure of Chlorthiazide Chlorthiazide is a sulfonamide derivative belonging to the thiazide diuretic class, characterized by a benzothiadiazine structure with chlorine substituents. Chemical Formula: C₇H₇ClN₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter … Read more
Dichlorphenamide is a diuretic used to treat glaucoma and periodic paralysis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase and reducing fluid buildup. Structure of Dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide is a sulfonamide derivative with two chlorine atoms attached to the benzene ring and a central sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₆H₇Cl₂N₃O₃S₂ Mode of Action Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition: Blocks carbonic anhydrase activity, reducing … Read more
Definition of Anti-Platelet Drugs Anti-Platelet Drugs agents inhibit platelet aggregation and activation, thereby preventing thrombus formation. Classes of Anti-Platelet Agents Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid): Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis, which decreases platelet aggregation. Use: Prevention of AMI, stroke, and in peripheral arterial disease. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, Reye’s syndrome in children. … Read more
Definition of Fibrinolytics: Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytics, are agents that dissolve blood clots by activating the fibrinolytic system. Mechanism of Action Activation of Plasminogen: Fibrinolytics convert plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. Cleavage of Fibrin: Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble degradation products, dissolving the clot. Common Fibrinolytic Agents Alteplase (tPA): … Read more
Definition of Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants inhibit various components of the coagulation cascade to prevent thrombus formation, used in conditions at risk for thrombosis. Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) Examples: Enoxaparin Mechanism: Heparin activates antithrombin III, which inactivates thrombin and factor Xa; LMWHs have more selective inhibition of factor Xa. Use: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), … Read more
Definition of Coagulants: Coagulants are agents that promote clotting, used in conditions where there is a deficiency or dysfunction in the clotting cascade. Vitamin K: Mechanism: Essential for γ-carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. Use: Vitamin K deficiency, warfarin reversal, hemorrhagic … Read more
Definition of Blood Clotting (Coagulation): Blood clotting, or coagulation, is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding (hemostasis) when a blood vessel is injured. It involves platelets, clotting factors, and the coagulation cascade to form a stable fibrin clot. Phases of Blood Clotting Vascular Spasm (Vasoconstriction): Immediate narrowing of the blood vessel to reduce … Read more
Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma by decreasing aqueous humor production. Structure of Methazolamide It is a thiazide-like carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with a central sulfonamide group attached to a benzene ring and a thiazole moiety. Chemical Formula: C₅H₇N₃O₃S₂ Mode of Action Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition: Similar to acetazolamide, methazolamide … Read more
Diuretics are a class of medications that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) through the kidneys. They are primarily used to manage conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, kidney disorders, and certain cases of edema (fluid retention). By increasing urine output, diuretics help reduce blood volume, thereby … Read more
