FirstHope 
Nimodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to prevent brain damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage by improving cerebral blood flow. Structure of Nimodipine Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a substituted phenyl ring and a methoxyethyl side chain attached to the dihydropyridine core. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₆ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Selectively inhibits … Read more
Nicardipine is a calcium channel blocker used to manage angina and hypertension by easing blood vessel tension and improving flow. Structure of Nicardipine Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a substituted phenyl ring and a methoxyethyl group attached to the dihydropyridine core. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₆ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits L-type … Read more
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic used for glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some seizure and edema conditions. Structure of Acetazolamide Acetazolamide is a sulfonamide derivative with a central sulfonamide group attached to a benzene ring and a dithiocarbamate moiety. Chemical Formula: C₄H₆N₂O₃S₂ Mode of Action Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition: Acetazolamide inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, … Read more
Felodipine is a calcium channel blocker that treats high blood pressure and angina by relaxing blood vessels and lowering heart workload. Structure of Felodipine Felodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a substituted phenyl ring and a methoxyethyl side chain attached to the dihydropyridine core. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₅ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: … Read more
Amlodipine is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used in angina and hypertension by relaxing blood vessels and lowering heart workload. Structure of Amlodipine Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a substituted phenyl ring and an ethyl group attached to the dihydropyridine core. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₅ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits L-type … Read more
Bepridil Hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker used in angina to reduce heart workload and improve coronary blood flow. Structure of Bepridil Hydrochloride It is a benzothiazepine derivative with a phenyl ring attached to a thiazepine ring containing multiple substituents. Chemical Formula: C₂₅H₃₈ClN₃OS Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits L-type calcium channels in cardiac … Read more
Diltiazem Hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker used in angina to relax blood vessels and lower heart rate, reducing oxygen demand. Structure of Diltiazem Hydrochloride It is a benzothiazepine derivative with an imidazole ring fused to a thiazepine ring, attached to methoxy and ethyl substituents. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₄S·HCl Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits … Read more
Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used in angina and hypertension by dilating blood vessels and reducing cardiac workload. Structure of Nifedipine Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine derivative featuring a phenyl ring attached to a dihydropyridine core with ethyl and methoxy substituents. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₆ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Selectively inhibits L-type calcium channels … Read more
Definition of Hematinics: Hematinics are agents that improve the hemoglobin content of the blood, thereby enhancing oxygen-carrying capacity. They are primarily used to treat anemia. Some Major Hematinic Agents: 1. Iron Preparations: Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate: Mechanism: Supply elemental iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Use: Iron deficiency anemia. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, dark stools. Iron Sucrose, … Read more
Definition of Anemia Anemia is a condition with decreased red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin (Hb), reducing oxygen-carrying capacity and causing fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea. Types of Anemia Based on RBC Size (MCV): Microcytic (MCV < 80 fL): Iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia. Normocytic (MCV 80–100 fL): Acute blood loss, chronic disease, hemolysis. Macrocytic (MCV … Read more
