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Anti-Anginal Drugs are medications that relieve chest pain in angina by improving blood flow to the heart or reducing its oxygen demand. Anti-anginal drugs are medications used to alleviate and prevent angina pectoris (chest pain) resulting from myocardial ischemia. They work by either increasing the oxygen supply to the heart muscle or decreasing its oxygen … Read more
Learn about Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs including statins, fibrates, and other agents used to manage cholesterol and triglycerides. Hyperlipidemia involves elevated levels of lipids in the blood, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs aim to lower lipid levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Major Classes … Read more
Angina Pectoris refers to chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Anti-Anginal Drugs aim to relieve and prevent angina by improving myocardial oxygen supply or reducing demand. Major Classes of Anti-Anginal Drugs 1. Nitrates Examples: Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate, Isosorbide Dinitrate MOA: Donate nitric oxide (NO), causing vasodilation … Read more
Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs are classified based on the Vaughan-Williams classification into four main classes, each with distinct mechanisms of action. Learn about Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs including their classes, mechanisms, and clinical uses in treating arrhythmias effectively. Cardiac Arrhythmias are disturbances in the normal rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. Major Classes of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: 1. Class I: Sodium … Read more
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Anti-hypertensive drugs aim to lower blood pressure through various mechanisms. Major Classes of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs: 1. Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone MOA: Inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Benefits: Reduce blood … Read more
Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and digitalis to improve heart function. Understanding Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is vital for symptom relief, slowing disease progression, and enhancing survival. Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet … Read more
Definition of Posology Posology is derived from the Greek words “posos” meaning “how much” and “logos” meaning “science.” It refers to the study of drug dosages, which includes not only the amount of the drug to be administered but also the frequency and duration of treatment. Posology aims to determine the correct dosage to achieve … Read more
Errors in prescription can occur at various stages, including during prescribing, dispensing, and administration. These errors can compromise patient safety and treatment effectiveness. Below are some common types of prescriptions errors: Common Prescription Error Illegible Handwriting: Difficulty in reading the prescriber’s handwriting can lead to misinterpretation of the medication name, strength, or dosage instructions. Incorrect … Read more
Handling of prescription is a critical responsibility for pharmacists to ensure the safe and effective dispensing of medications. The process involves several steps: 1. Receiving in Handling of Prescription: The pharmacist receives the prescription, either directly from the patient or electronically from the prescriber. The prescription is reviewed for completeness, legibility, and all necessary information. … Read more
The Application of electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification is to analyze genetic material and protein purity in research and diagnostics. Application of electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification enables separation of biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins by charge and size. Electrophoresis separates charged molecules in an electric field based on size, … Read more
