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Mouthwashes are liquid solutions used to maintain oral hygiene, combat bad breath, and help prevent dental issues like plaque and gum disease. They typically contain antiseptic agents, flavoring, and other ingredients to clean the mouth and freshen breath. Mouthwashes are used by swishing the liquid in the mouth and then spitting it out. Preparation of … Read more

Introduction Monophasic liquids are liquid dosage forms that consist of a single, homogenous phase. They are typically comprised of a solvent, one or more dissolved active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and various excipients. In monophasic liquid dosage forms, the API and excipients are uniformly distributed throughout the liquid, ensuring consistent dosing and rapid absorption. These formulations … Read more

Solubility enhancement techniques are crucial in pharmaceutical development, as they improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Various approaches can be employed to enhance solubility specifically in liquid dosage forms: Cosolvency Description: Involves using water-miscible solvents (cosolvents) to increase drug solubility by altering solvent polarity. Examples: Propylene glycol, ethanol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol. Micellar … Read more

Excipients are inactive substances used alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in drug formulations. They play a vital role in the stability, efficacy, and safety of the final dosage form. In liquid dosage forms, excipients can serve various functions, including solubilizing agents, preservatives, suspending agents, viscosity modifiers, emulsifying agents, and flavouring agents, among others. Here’s … Read more

Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, and elixirs, among others. They offer several advantages and disadvantages compared to other dosage forms like solids or semisolids. Advantages of liquid dosage forms: Ease of administration: Liquid dosage forms are generally easy to swallow, making them suitable for paediatric, geriatric, or dysphagic patients who may have … Read more

Geometric dilution is a compounding technique used in pharmacy to achieve a homogeneous mixture when combining ingredients with significantly different quantities. This method ensures even distribution of a potent active ingredient with a larger amount of diluent or excipient, which is crucial for maintaining accurate dosing and consistent therapeutic effects. Steps in Geometric Dilutions: Start … Read more

Eutectic Mixture can present challenges during the formulation, compounding, and storage of the final product. Eutectic Mixture may also impact the drug release profile, bioavailability, and overall therapeutic efficacy of the final product. When two or more components in a powder formulation form a eutectic mixture, they can create a mass that is sticky, pasty, … Read more

Hygroscopic powders are pharmaceutical powders that tend to absorb moisture from the environment. These powders can readily take up water vapor from the atmosphere and may even become wet or form a solution under highly humid conditions. Hygroscopic powders can be found in various pharmaceutical formulations, such as bulk powders, divided powders, or as components … Read more

Efflorescent powders refer to a class of pharmaceutical powders that contain hydrates, which are substances that have water molecules incorporated into their crystal structure. When these hydrates are exposed to a low-humidity environment or are subjected to heat, they can release water molecules, a process known as efflorescence. Although efflorescent powders aren’t a specific type … Read more