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Introduction to Dioscorea (Steroids): Dioscorea (Steroids) is an important source of steroidal saponins, particularly diosgenin, which is used as a precursor in the synthesis of steroidal drugs, including corticosteroids and oral contraceptives. Synonyms of Dioscorea (Steroids): Common name: Wild Yam Scientific name: Dioscorea spp. (e.g., Dioscorea deltoidea, Dioscorea villosa) Synonyms: Yam, Mexican yam Biological Source: … Read more
Methacholine is a synthetic choline ester, and a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist used primarily for diagnostic purposes. It mimics the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, particularly in the lungs and smooth muscles. Chemical Formula: C₈H₁₈ClNO₂ Mechanism of Action: Selective muscarinic agonist Slightly longer acting than ACh due to beta-methyl resistance to AChE. Uses … Read more
Bethanechol is a synthetic choline ester and a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors (especially M3) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and urinary bladder. It mimics the effect of acetylcholine on smooth muscle without significant effects on nicotinic receptors or the central nervous system. Chemical Formula: C₇H₁₇NO₂ Mechanism of Action: Selective muscarinic agonist … Read more
Construction and Working of Indicator Electrodes are electrodes that respond to the activity of ions in a solution. Their potential varies depending on the concentration of a particular ion. Common types include metal electrodes and glass electrodes. 1.Metal Electrodes is Construction and Working of Indicator Electrodes Construction: Metal electrodes, such as platinum or gold, are … Read more
Construction and Working of Reference electrodes are half-cells with a stable and well-defined electrode potential. These electrodes are used to provide a constant potential against which the potential of other electrodes can be measured. Common reference electrodes include the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode (Ag/AgCl), and Calomel Electrode. 1.Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) as Construction … Read more
Carbachol (Carbamoylcholine) is a cholinergic agonist that mimics the action of acetylcholine by stimulating both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₅ClN₂O₂ Mechanism of Action: Direct agonist at muscarinic and nicotinic Longer duration due to resistance to AChE. Uses of Carbachol: Used topically in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure. Also used to induce miosis during … Read more
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter a chemical messenger that plays a key role in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is involved in transmitting nerve impulses across synapses, particularly at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, and within the brain. Chemical Formula: C₇H₁₆NO₂⁺ Mechanism of Action: Mimics acetylcholine at muscarinic and … Read more
The Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) is commonly used in polarography and electrochemical techniques. It provides a clean, renewable surface for redox reactions, offering low background current and reproducibility. Construction of Dropping Mercury Electrode: Capillary Tube: A fine glass tube with an internal diameter of 10-50 µm through which mercury flows. The tube is mounted vertically … Read more
Applications of Polarography is used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of reducible or oxidizable substances in solutions. Trace Analysis in Applications of Polarography: Used for detecting and quantifying trace amounts of electroactive species (e.g., metal ions, organic compounds) with high sensitivity and selectivity. Environmental Monitoring in Applications of Polarography: Determines concentrations of heavy metals … Read more
Famotidine is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist used to treat ulcers, GERD, and acid-related disorders. Structure of Famotidine It is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist characterized by a thiazole ring linked to a guanidine moiety and a difluoromethyl group. Chemical Formula: C₈H₉N₇O₂S₂ Mode of Action Famotidine competitively inhibits H₂ receptors on gastric parietal cells, leading to decreased … Read more
