FirstHope 
The Rotating Platinum Electrode (RPE) is used in electrochemical experiments, especially in rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) configurations. It provides enhanced mass transport for studying redox reactions, kinetics, and mass transfer. Construction of Rotating Platinum Electrode: Platinum Disk: A flat, polished platinum disk (1-10 mm in diameter) mounted on insulating material … Read more
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in 1922. It measures the current-potential (I-V) relationship by applying a gradually increasing voltage to a working electrode in a solution containing the analyte. The current results from redox reactions at the electrode surface. Principle of Polarography Polarography is based on measuring current as a function … Read more
General Introduction to Liquorice (Triterpenoids): Liquorice is a medicinal plant that is rich in triterpenoid saponins, particularly glycyrrhizin, which is responsible for its characteristic sweet taste and therapeutic properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and hepatoprotective effects. Synonyms of Liquorice (Triterpenoids) Common name: Licorice, Sweet root Scientific name: Glycyrrhiza … Read more
Introduction to Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: Natural compounds with therapeutic roles. Introduction to Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids are bioactive natural compounds with crucial therapeutic roles in inflammation, heart disorders, and hormonal regulation. Steroids: Structure: Four fused rings (three six-membered, one five-membered). Functions: Membrane Structure: Cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity and permeability. Hormonal Roles: Includes … Read more
Introduction to Ruta (Flavonoids): Ruta, primarily Ruta graveolens (Rue), is rich in flavonoid and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial properties. Synonyms of Ruta (Flavonoids): Common name: Rue Scientific name: Ruta graveolens Other names: Herb-of-grace, Common rue Biological Source: Derived from the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Ruta graveolens. Family: Rutaceae Composition: Major flavonoids: Rutin … Read more
Introduction to tea (Flavonoids): Tea, derived from Camellia sinensis, is rich in flavonoids (catechins, flavonols) and widely consumed for its health benefits, including antioxidant, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Popular types: Green tea, black tea, oolong tea. Synonyms of Tea (Flavonoids): Common name: Tea Scientific name: Camellia sinensis Other names: Green tea, Black tea, Oolong tea … Read more
Introduction to Lignans (Phenylpropanoids): Lignans (Phenylpropanoid) are dimers linked by β–β’ bonds, found in seeds, fruits, vegetables, and wood. Possess antioxidant, anticancer, and phytoestrogenic properties. Synonyms of Lignans (Phenylpropanoids): Common name: Plant lignans Examples: Sesamin, Podophyllotoxin, Pinoresinol, Secoisolariciresinol Biological Source: Found in Sesamum indicum (sesame seeds), Linum usitatissimum (flaxseeds), Podophyllum hexandrum (mayapple). Family: Varies: Pedaliaceae, … Read more
Introduction to Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Derived from phenylalanine, vital plant metabolites. Introduction to Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids are plant-derived secondary metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. General Characteristics: Secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine, featuring a three-carbon side chain attached to an aromatic ring. Phenylpropanoids: Structure & Diversity: Range from simple cinnamic acid to complex polymers. … Read more
General Introduction to Belladonna: Belladonna alkaloids are tropane alkaloids recognized for their potent anticholinergic activity. They are used in clinical practice for their mydriatic, antispasmodic, and anti-secretory effects. Synonyms: Common Name: Deadly nightshade alkaloids Scientific Name: Atropa belladonna alkaloids Other Names: Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine alkaloids Biological Source: Plant: Derived from the dried leaves and roots … Read more
Classification of Parasympathomimetic Agents, also known as cholinergic agonists, are drugs that mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) by stimulating cholinergic receptors (muscarinic and/or nicotinic). Classification of Parasympathomimetic Agents covers AChE inhibitors like Neostigmine, Physostigmine. A. Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetic Agents These agents bind directly to cholinergic receptors, mimicking the effect of acetylcholine. Mechanism … Read more
