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Metoprolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker (β1-blocker) used primarily to manage cardiovascular conditions. It reduces the effects of adrenaline on the heart, leading to decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Chemical Structure & Formula: Comprises an aromatic ring joined to an oxypropanolamine chain and is typically used as a racemic mixture … Read more
General Introduction to Rauwolfia: Rauwolfia alkaloids are indole alkaloids known primarily for their sedative and antihypertensive effects. They have been used extensively in traditional medicine for treating hypertension and mental disorders. Synonyms of Rauwolfia: Common Name: Indian snakeroot alkaloids Scientific Name: Rauwolfia serpentina alkaloids Other Names: Reserpine, Ajmaline, Serpentine alkaloids Biological Source: Plant: Extracted from … Read more
General Introduction to Vinca: Vinca alkaloids are a group of dimeric indole alkaloids highly regarded for their anticancer properties. Initially extracted from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, they are used to treat various cancers by inhibiting mitotic cell division. Synonyms: Common Name: Periwinkle alkaloids Scientific Name: Catharanthus roseus alkaloids Other Names: Vincristine, Vinblastine, Catharanthus alkaloids Biological … Read more
Introduction to Alkaloids: Naturally occurring nitrogenous compounds found in plants. Introduction to Alkaloids: Known for diverse pharmacological actions like analgesic and antimalarial effects. Alkaloids are naturally occurring, nitrogen-containing compounds produced primarily by plants (though some are produced by fungi, bacteria, and animals). They often have a strong physiological effect on humans and animals. The nitrogen … Read more
Cholinergic neurotransmitters refer specifically to acetylcholine (ACh), a key chemical messenger used by certain neurons to communicate with each other or with muscle cells. These neurons are called cholinergic neurons because they release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. Function and Importance of Cholinergic Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine is involved in various physiological functions depending on where in … Read more
Labetalol is a dual-action adrenergic antagonist used primarily as an antihypertensive agent. It blocks both α1-adrenergic receptors and β-adrenergic receptors (non-selective β-blocker with selective α1-blocking activity). Chemical Structure & Formula: Unique among beta blockers, it contains dual-acting structural features (aromatic rings and a secondary amine) that allow it to block both beta and α₁ receptors. … Read more
Esmolol is a short-acting, selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker (beta-blocker) primarily used to manage rapid heart rates and hypertension, especially in acute care settings. Its rapid onset and very short half-life, esmolol is typically administered intravenously and allows for precise control of heart rate in situations like supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation. Chemical Structure & Formula: … Read more
Tracer Technique involves using radioactive or stable isotopes to track the path of elements through metabolic processes, enabling detailed analysis of biochemical reactions. The tracer technique is the backbone of biogenetic studies involving radioisotopes. Principle of Tracer Technique: A radioactive isotope is incorporated into a molecule of interest, allowing researchers to track the molecule’s movement, … Read more
Study of Utilization of Radioactive Isotopes in Biogenetic Studies helps trace metabolic pathways by labeling specific atoms. Study of Utilization of Radioactive Isotopes in Biogenetic Studies enables identification of gene expression and protein synthesis sites. Introduction to Isotopes and Radioisotopes Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differ … Read more
Overview of Amino Acid Pathways: Amino acid-derived pathways leverage the plant’s pool of protein-building amino acids (e.g., lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine) to construct a wide array of nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, especially alkaloids. Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids: Category Definition Examples Essential Amino Acids Cannot be synthesized by the body or plants and must be obtained … Read more
