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Overview of Acetate Pathway (Polyketide Pathways): The Acetate pathway, often referred to as the polyketide pathway, involves the polymerization of acetyl-CoA or malonyl-CoA units. It is crucial not only for primary metabolites like fatty acids but also for numerous plant secondary metabolites (e.g., flavonoids, certain antibiotics in microorganisms, and various phenolics in plants). Key Steps: … Read more
Shikimic Acid Pathway: Overview: The Shikimic acid pathway is a central biosynthetic route responsible for the production of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and various aromatic secondary metabolites. It is not present in animals, making it a major target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents. Key Steps: Formation of Shikimic Acid Starting materials: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): … Read more
Introduction to Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and Their Determination Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and Their Determination involve complex biochemical reactions essential for growth and survival. Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and Their Determination are studied using isotopic labeling, chromatography, and spectrometry tools. Metabolites and Their Types: What Are Metabolites? Metabolites are small molecules … Read more
Azatidine Maleate is a first-generation H₁-antihistamine effective in treating allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, and cold symptoms. Its structure includes a tricyclic ring system fused to a pyridine ring, and it forms a salt with maleic acid to enhance solubility. Structure of Azatidine Maleate Azatidine is a first-generation antihistamine with a tricyclic structure fused … Read more
Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride is a first-generation antihistamine known for its broad pharmacological actions, including antiserotonergic, anticholinergic, and appetite-stimulating effects. Structurally, it consists of a tricyclic dibenzocycloheptene core linked to a piperidine ring, with the hydrochloride salt improving solubility. Structure of Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Cyproheptadine features a tricyclic structure with a dibenzocycloheptene core connected to a piperidine ring. … Read more
Trimeprazine Tartrate is a first-generation H₁-antihistamine effective in treating allergic reactions, urticaria, and cold-related symptoms. Structurally, it is a dibenzocycloheptene derivative featuring a piperazine ring substituted with methyl groups. The tartrate salt enhances its solubility. Structure of Trimeprazine Tartrate Trimeprazine is a dibenzocycloheptene derivative with a piperazine ring substituted with methyl groups. It forms a … Read more
Promethazine Hydrochloride is a tricyclic H₁-antihistamine with sedative, antiemetic, and anticholinergic properties used in allergy and nausea treatment. Structure of Promethazine Hydrochloride Promethazine possesses a tricyclic structure with two benzene rings fused to a central carbon and connected to a dimethylaminoethyl side chain. The hydrochloride salt enhances solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₈N₂S·HCl Mode of Action Acts … Read more
Phenidamine Tartrate is a piperazine-derived H₁-antihistamine used for the symptomatic treatment of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, and cold-related discomforts. Its structure includes a diphenylmethyl group attached to a piperazine ring via an ethyl chain, and the tartrate salt enhances solubility. Structure of Phenidamine Tartrate Phenidamine is a piperazine derivative with a diphenylmethyl substitution … Read more
Structure of Triprolidine Hydrochloride Triprolidine features a piperidine ring substituted with a dimethylamino group and a propyl chain linked to a benzene ring. The hydrochloride salt enhances solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₂₀ClN₃·HCl Mode of Action Acts as an H₁-receptor antagonist with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It inhibits histamine-mediated allergic responses. Uses of Triprolidine Hydrochloride Allergic rhinitis … Read more
Chlorpheniramine Maleate is a widely used first-generation antihistamine effective in treating various allergic conditions, including rhinitis, urticaria, and cold-related symptoms. Structurally, it features a dibenzyl framework linked to an ethylamine chain and forms a salt with maleic acid to enhance solubility. It works by blocking both peripheral and central H₁ receptors, producing antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and … Read more
