Shruti Singh 
Definition of Reichert-Meissl (RM) Value: The Reichert-Meissl (RM) value is the number of milliliters of 0.1 N potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the volatile water-soluble fatty acids distilled from 5 grams of fat or oil. Significance: Indicates the amount of short-chain fatty acids (especially butyric, caproic acids) in the fat, which are typical in … Read more
Fatty Acids – Reactions Overview: Fatty acids, key components of lipids, undergo several important chemical reactions that have both biological significance and industrial applications. Below is a summary of key reactions involving fatty acids. Hydrolysis (Fatty Acids – Reactions Overview) Hydrolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides (fats and oils) into glycerol and fatty acids through … Read more
Structure of Naphthols: Molecular Formula: C₁₀H₇OH Isomers: α-Naphthol (1-Naphthol): Hydroxyl group at position 1 of the naphthalene ring. β-Naphthol (2-Naphthol): Hydroxyl group at position 2 of the naphthalene ring. Uses: Dyes: Used in the manufacture of azo dyes, important in textile coloring. Antioxidants: Employed as antioxidants in the rubber industry. Pharmaceuticals: Used in the synthesis … Read more
Benzoic acid, like other carboxylic acids, undergoes several important reactions of benzoic acid/ aromatic acids. These reactions are primarily due to the reactivity of the carboxyl group (-COOH). Formation of Benzoate Salts – Important Reactions of Benzoic Acid/ Aromatic Acids: Reaction: Benzoic acid reacts with bases (e.g., NaOH) to form benzoate salts. Example: C6H5COOH+NaOH→C6H5COONa+H2O Esterification: … Read more
Several qualitative tests for phenol are used to detect the presence of phenol or phenolic compounds: Ferric Chloride Test (One of the Qualitative Tests for Phenol): Phenols form colored complexes (violet, blue, green) with FeCl₃. Positive Test: Appearance of color indicates phenols. Bromine Water Test: Phenols react with bromine to form a white precipitate of … Read more
Effect of Substituents on the Acidity of Phenol- The acidity of phenol is influenced by substituents on the aromatic ring, which either increase or decrease acidity based on their electronic effects. Electron-Withdrawing Groups (EWGs)- One effect of substituents on the acidity of phenol: Examples: Nitro (-NO₂), cyano (-CN), carboxyl (-COOH), halogens (-Cl, -Br). Effect: Increase … Read more
The acidity of phenols is due to the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the aromatic ring. The acidity arises from the ability of the hydroxyl hydrogen to dissociate as a proton (H⁺), forming a phenoxide ion (C₆H₅O⁻). This acidity is primarily due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion, where the negative charge on … Read more
Structure of Chloramine T: Chemical Formula: C7H7ClNO2S Description: Chloramine T (N-chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide or N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide) is an organic compound. Its structure includes a benzene ring substituted with a methyl group, a sulfonyl group, and an N-chloroamine group. Uses: Utilized as a disinfectant and sanitizer due to its ability to release hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent antimicrobial agent. … Read more
Structure of Saccharin: Chemical Formula: C₇H₅NO₃S Description: Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. Its structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with an amine group, a carbonyl group, and a sulfonyl group. Uses: Used as a non-nutritive sweetener in various food and beverage products, such as diet sodas, sugar-free candies, and tabletop sweeteners. Approximately 300 to … Read more
Structure of DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane): Chemical Formula: C14H9Cl5 Description: DDT is an organochlorine compound. Its structure includes two benzene rings connected by a trichloroethane group, with a total of five chlorine atoms—four on the benzene rings and one on the trichloroethane group. Uses: Widely used as an insecticide in agriculture to protect crops against pests. Played … Read more
