Pharmaceutical Analysis I Notes
Unit 1: Definition, scope & Errors
Topics Covered in Unit 1
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Pharmaceutical Analysis checks drug quality using methods like titration, spectroscopy, and chromatography.
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Concentration is expressed as
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Standards are of two types: primary (pure) and secondary (need standardization).
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Solutions like HCl, NaOH, KMnOâ‚„ are prepared and standardized for accurate use.
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Errors can be human, instrumental, or environmental in origin.
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Accuracy means closeness to true value; precision means consistent results.
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Significant figures show how precise and accurate a measurement is.
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Pharmacopoeia defines drug standards; impurities are controlled by limit tests.
Unit 2: Acid Base & Non- Aqueous Titration
Topics Covered in Unit 2
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Indicators show color change in titrations; work by acid-base theory.
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Titrations are classified by strength of acids and bases: strong, weak, very weak.
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Neutralization curves help understand pH change during titration.
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Strong acid–strong base gives sharp pH change near equivalence point.
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Weak acid–strong base shows gradual pH rise and a buffer region.
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Very weak acids/bases need special care due to unclear endpoints.
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Non-aqueous titrations use solvents like glacial acetic acid, not water.
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Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl are estimated using acidimetry/alkalimetry.
Unit 3: Precipitation & Complexometric Titration, Gravimetry Analysis
Topics Covered in Unit 3
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Mohr’s, Volhard’s, Fajans methods are used in precipitation titrations.
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Sodium chloride is estimated using Mohr’s or Volhard’s method.
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Complexometric titrations use chelating agents to bind metal ions.
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Indicators for metal ions show endpoint by color change in complexation.
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Masking/demasking agents hide or reveal ions in complexometric titrations.
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Magnesium sulphate and calcium gluconate are estimated by EDTA titration.
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Gravimetry involves weighing a pure, dry precipitate to estimate content.
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Purity issues include co-precipitation and post-precipitation, e.g., barium sulphate estimation.
Unit 4: Redox titrations
Topics Covered in Unit 4
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Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons.
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Redox titrations involve transfer of electrons between reactants.
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Cerimetry uses ceric salts as oxidizing agents in titrations.
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Iodimetry uses iodine as a direct oxidizing agent.
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Iodometry uses iodine indirectly, released from iodide.
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Bromatometry uses bromate as oxidizing agent in presence of acid.
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Dichrometry uses potassium dichromate to oxidize reducing agents.
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Potassium iodate is used to titrate analytes via iodine liberation.
Unit 5: Electrochemical methods of analysis
Topics Covered in Unit 5
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Conductometry measures conductivity to monitor titrations and reactions.
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Conductivity cell contains electrodes to measure solution conductance.
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Conductometric titrations help find endpoints without indicators.
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Potentiometry uses voltage change to detect titration endpoints.
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Reference electrodes include hydrogen, calomel, and silver chloride.
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Indicator electrodes like glass and metal detect ion activity.
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Polarography measures current vs. voltage using electrochemical cells.
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Dropping mercury and rotating platinum electrodes are used in analysis.
Other Subjects & Units of B Pharmacy 1st Semester
Why Choose Our Pharmaceutical Analysis I Notes?
- Structured Content: Each unit is organized for clarity and ease of understanding.​
- Exam-Oriented: Focuses on key topics essential for academic and competitive exams.​
- Accessible Resources: Includes external links to authoritative sources for expanded learning.​
- Comprehensive Coverage: Addresses all units as per the latest syllabus guidelines.​Mohanlal Sukhadia University+5ResearchGate+5pci.nic.in+5
In conclusion, these Pharmaceutical Analysis I notes are designed to provide a solid foundation for your studies. By integrating concise summaries with external resources, you can enhance your understanding and perform confidently in your examinations.
