Biosensor: Working and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry -

A biosensor is an analytical device that converts a biological response into a measurable signal. It consists of:
Bioreceptor
- A biological element (enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, aptamer, or cells) that specifically interacts with the target analyte (e.g., glucose).
Transducer
- Converts the biorecognition event into a detectable signal (electrical, optical, thermal, or mass change).

Bioreceptor Interaction: The target molecule (analyte) interacts with the bioreceptor (e.g., enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid).
Signal Conversion: This biological interaction generates a signal (chemical, electrical, optical).
Transduction: The transducer converts this signal into a measurable output.
Data Processing: The electronic system processes and displays the results.

Enzymatic Biosensors: Use enzymes as bioreceptors (e.g., glucose biosensor for diabetes monitoring).
Immunosensors: Use antibodies to detect antigens (e.g., rapid COVID-19 test kits).
DNA Biosensors: Detect genetic mutations or pathogens (e.g., PCR-based diagnostic tools).
Microbial Biosensors: Use whole microbial cells to detect environmental toxins.
Electrochemical Biosensors: Measure electrical signals generated by biochemical reactions.
Optical Biosensors: Detect changes in light properties due to molecular interactions.

Diabetes Monitoring: Glucose biosensors measure blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.
Drug Discovery: Biosensors detect drug-receptor interactions for screening potential drugs.
Pathogen Detection: Used for rapid detection of infectious diseases like tuberculosis and COVID-19.
Pharmacokinetics Studies: Measure drug concentrations in blood for personalized medicine.
Bioprocess Monitoring: Ensure quality control in the production of biopharmaceuticals.