Blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus of Hormonal regulation

• Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated by hormones, mainly insulin and glucagon, to ensure a stable energy supply.
• Dysregulation of this system can lead to diabetes mellitus, characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia.

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose

1. Insulin of Blood glucose:

   • Produced by: Beta cells of the pancreas.
   • Released in response to: High glucose (after meals).
   • Actions: Promotes glucose uptake by cells, stimulates glycogenesis, inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and supports fat and protein synthesis.

2. Glucagon:

   • Produced by: Alpha cells of the pancreas.
   • Released in response to: Low glucose (fasting or exercise).
   • Actions: Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and promotes fat breakdown for energy.

Diabetes Mellitus

• Diabetes is a group of disorders characterized by high blood sugar due to insulin dysfunction.

1. Type 1 Diabetes:

   • Cause: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.
   • Onset: Usually in childhood or adolescence.
   • Management: Requires insulin injections.

2. Type 2 Diabetes:

   • Cause: Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
   • Risk Factors: Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history.
   • Management: Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), oral medications, and possibly insulin.

Importance of Diabetes Management

• Proper management prevents complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
• This includes regular blood glucose monitoring, adherence to medications, and lifestyle adjustments to maintain glucose levels within target ranges.
• Effective control allows individuals with diabetes to lead healthy lives and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

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