Reaction kinetics rate rate constants and order describe how drug concentration changes over time in pharmaceutical chemistry. Basic Concepts of Reaction kinetics rate rate constants and order Rate of Reaction: Measures how fast reactants are converted into products. Influenced by temperature, concentration, catalysts, and surface area. Rate Constant (k): A constant specific to a given … Read more
Plasma drug concentration time profile shows drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination phases in pharmacokinetics. Plasma Drug Concentration-Time Profile A graph that represents the concentration of a drug in plasma over time, used to assess and analyze each ADME phase. Phases of the Profile: Absorption Phase Drug enters the bloodstream, increasing plasma concentration until it … Read more
Pharmacokinetics definition and introduction explain absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes governing drug fate in the body. Pharmacokinetics: Definition and Introduction Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the quantitative study of how a drug moves into, though, and out of the body over time. It answers the question: “What does the … Read more
Bioequivalence Studies compare drug products to ensure similar bioavailability, therapeutic effect, and safety in patients. Bioequivalence (BE) Bioequivalence ensures that two drug formulations have similar pharmacokinetic properties, leading to the same safety and efficacy when administered under identical conditions. It is a subset of therapeutic equivalence, focusing on rate and extent of drug absorption. Types … Read more
Methods to enhance the dissolution rates and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs include particle size reduction and solid dispersions. Methods to Enhance the Dissolution Rates and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs Many drugs have low solubility, leading to poor bioavailability. Various techniques improve dissolution: Physicochemical Approaches Particle Size Reduction – Increasing surface area (e.g., micronization, … Read more
In vitro drug dissolution models evaluate drug release from dosage forms using methods like USP apparatus for bioavailability prediction. In-vitro drug dissolution models In-vitro drug dissolution models are essential in pharmaceutical research to study drug release from formulations like tablets and capsules. These models help predict drug dissolution, absorption, and bioavailability, ensuring consistent drug quality. … Read more
In Vitro In Vivo Correlation IVIVC links drug dissolution data with bioavailability to predict absorption and therapeutic performance. In-Vitro-In-Vivo Correlation (IVIVC) IVIVC is a predictive mathematical model that links in-vitro drug dissolution with in-vivo pharmacokinetic performance. It helps estimate drug behavior in the body based on laboratory dissolution data, aiding in formulation development, regulatory approvals, … Read more
Measurement of bioavailability involves plasma drug concentration, urinary excretion data, and pharmacokinetic parameters. Bioavailability is measured using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic methods to assess the extent and rate of drug absorption. A. Pharmacokinetic Measurement Pharmacokinetic methods analyze drug concentration in the body over time to determine how much reaches systemic circulation. The two main approaches are: … Read more
Absolute and Relative Bioavailability explain the extent and rate of drug absorption compared to intravenous and standard formulations. Absolute Bioavailability (Fabs) Measures how much of a drug enters the bloodstream after non-IV administration (e.g., oral, subcutaneous, transdermal) compared to IV administration. IV drugs have 100 Formula: $F_{\text{abs}} = \frac{AUC_{\text{extravascular}} \times \text{Dose}_{IV}}{AUC_{IV} \times \text{Dose}_{\text{extravascular}}}$ Where: AUC … Read more
Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug include biliary, pulmonary, salivary, sweat, and milk pathways for elimination. Non renal routes of drug excretion of drug Although the kidneys represent the primary excretory route for most drugs, several other pathways can also contribute to drug elimination: Biliary and Fecal Excretion Many drugs, especially larger, more … Read more
