Blood circulation through the heart is a continuous process that transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart and lungs. This process involves the heart’s four chambers and is divided into two main circulatory pathways: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Step-by-Step Blood Circulation Through Heart: Return … Read more
Heart – Anatomy of Heart: The heart is a muscular, four-chambered organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is located within the thoracic cavity, specifically in the mediastinum, behind the sternum and between the lungs. The heart’s anatomy can be described in terms of its position, wall structure, chambers, and valves. Position: The … Read more
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintain body temperature, and help fight infections. The cardiovascular system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall … Read more
The tongue is a muscular organ primarily responsible for the sense of taste (gustation), as well as being crucial for speech, chewing, and swallowing. It is composed of several structures that work together to detect and process tastes and perform its other functions. Structure of the Tongue It is a muscular organ in the mouth … Read more
The nose is a sensory organ primarily responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction) and plays a significant role in respiration. It is composed of several structures that work together to detect and process odours and filter, warm, and humidify the air we breathe. Structure of the Nose The nose is a critical organ for … Read more
The ear is a sensory organ responsible for detecting sound and maintaining balance. It is divided into three main parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Each part plays a crucial role in the process of hearing and balance. Structure of the Ear It is divided into three main sections, each with distinct functions in … Read more
The eye is a complex sensory organ responsible for detecting light and converting it into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as visual information. The human eye has several components that work together to facilitate the process of vision. Structure of the Eye The human eye is a complex organ responsible for vision, made … Read more
Nerve Plexuses In the context of Nerve Plexuses & Reflex Actions, a nerve plexus is a complex network of intersecting nerves that redistributes fibers from multiple spinal nerves, enabling shared sensory and motor functions. The four major nerve plexuses are: 1.Cervical Plexus (C1-C4): Located in the neck, supplies muscles and skin of the neck and … Read more
Origin of the Cranial Nerves Cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain or brainstem. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific number and name based on its function and location. The numbering of cranial nerves is based on their position from anterior (front) to posterior (back): Cranial Nerves I and II: … Read more
Origin of the Spinal Nerves Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord, specifically from the spinal segments. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, categorized based on the regions of the spine: 8 cervical nerves (C1-C8) 12 thoracic nerves (T1-T12) 5 lumbar nerves (L1-L5) 5 sacral nerves (S1-S5) 1 coccygeal nerve (Co1) Each spinal nerve … Read more
