Human Anatomy & Physiology II – Pharmacy Notes
Explore our well-organized and easy-to-understand Human Anatomy & Physiology II notes tailored specifically for Pharmacy 2nd semester students. These concise notes cover essential topics needed for AKTU, GTU, NTR and other universities pharmacy exams and are equally helpful for preparing competitive exams like GPAT and NIPER.
Learn from the best BPharma notes that are short, exam-oriented, and curated to help you succeed with less stress and more confidence.
Protein synthesis is a vital biological process where cells produce proteins, which are essential for nearly all cellular functions. This process is directed by genetic information in DNA and occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation. Transcription of Protein synthesis: Location: Takes place in the nucleus. Process: Protein synthesis enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the … Read more
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a fundamental molecule that carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, reproduction, and survival of all living organisms. It serves as the hereditary material, and understanding its structure, function, replication, and role in gene expression and the genetic code is essential for insights into genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology. … Read more
Chromosome are fundamental structures within cells that carry and organize genetic information. Their highly organized composition of DNA and proteins, specifically histones, allows for the efficient packaging and regulation of genetic material. This detailed explanation will cover the structure, types, function, replication, segregation, and chemical composition of chromosomes, providing a comprehensive understanding of their role … Read more
Parturition, or childbirth, is the process by which the fetus and placenta are expelled from the uterus at the end of pregnancy. It involves a series of complex physiological events and is typically divided into three stages: the first stage (latent and active phases of labour), the second stage (delivery of the baby), and the … Read more
Fertilization is the process by which a sperm cell from a male combine with an egg cell from a female, resulting in a single-celled zygote, the first stage of embryonic development. Fertilization can be divided into several phases: 1. Sperm Migration and Capacitation: After ejaculation, sperm swim towards the egg in the fallopian tube. During … Read more
Genes are fundamental components of DNA that play a crucial role in heredity and the expression of traits in organisms. They encode the instructions for the synthesis of proteins and functional RNA, which are essential for various biological processes. Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of gene is key to genetics, molecular biology, and evolutionary … Read more
Inheritance patterns explain how traits are passed from parents to offspring. These patterns are governed by Mendelian and non-Mendelian principles. Mendelian Inheritance Overview: Based on Gregor Mendel’s experiments with pea plants. Involves traits controlled by single genes on autosomal chromosomes. Key Laws: Law of Segregation: Each individual has two alleles per gene, one from each … Read more
Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings. Think of it like a thermostat in your home that keeps the temperature just right—neither too hot nor too cold. Components of Homeostasis To maintain homeostasis, three main components are involved: Receptor (Sensor): This detects changes … Read more
Oogenesis is the process by which female germ cells, called oocytes, develop into mature eggs (ova) in the ovaries. It involves a series of cell divisions and developmental stages that result in the production of a single mature ovum from a primordial germ cell. Stages of Oogenesis Oogenesis can be divided into the following stages: … Read more
Spermatogenesis is a complex, highly organized process of sperm cell (spermatozoon) production in males. It occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, the male reproductive organs responsible for sperm and testosterone production. This process is critical for sexual reproduction and involves several stages, each marked by specific cellular transformations under the influence of various … Read more