Human Anatomy & Physiology II – Pharmacy Notes
Explore our well-organized and easy-to-understand Human Anatomy & Physiology II notes tailored specifically for Pharmacy 2nd semester students. These concise notes cover essential topics needed for AKTU, GTU, NTR and other universities pharmacy exams and are equally helpful for preparing competitive exams like GPAT and NIPER.
Learn from the best BPharma notes that are short, exam-oriented, and curated to help you succeed with less stress and more confidence.
Menstruation is the cyclic shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in response to hormonal fluctuations that occur during a woman’s menstrual cycle. The cycle is typically divided into four phases: 1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5): The menstrual phase marks the beginning of the cycle. Hormonal changes: Decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone from the previous … Read more
Sex hormone are hormones that are responsible for the development and regulation of sexual characteristics and functions. They include Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which are produced by the ovaries and testes respectively, as well as other hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) that regulate their production. Male sex hormones Male sex … Read more
The breast, or mammary gland, is a paired, modified sweat gland located on the anterior thoracic wall. Its primary biological function is to produce and secrete milk to nourish infants, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of glandular tissue (lobes and lobules), connective tissue (including fat), ducts that transport milk to the … Read more
The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that function together for reproduction, hormone regulation, and the menstrual cycle. These organs are categorized into primary and accessory Primary Organ: Ovaries: The primary reproductive organs in female reproductive system responsible for producing ova (eggs) and secreting the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Each ovary contains … Read more
Sperm, or spermatozoa, are male reproductive cells that fertilize the female egg (ovum) to create an embryo, leading to the development of a fetus. Structure of Sperm (Spermatozoa) Sperm cells have a specialized structure consisting of three main parts: Head: Contains the nucleus with genetic material (DNA) passed to the offspring. Covered by the acrosome, … Read more
Male reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting sperm and hormones needed for reproduction. It consists of both internal and external organs that work together to facilitate these functions. Here’s a detailed look at the Male reproductive system and its organs, classified as either primary or accessory organs: Primary Organ: Testes (Testicles): Located … Read more
Hormones Introduction: Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that are secreted into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes in the body. They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. They act on target cells or organs that have specific receptors for these hormones. This … Read more
Thymus is a small, lymphoid organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity, just behind the sternum. It plays a vital role in the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T cells), which are crucial components of the adaptive immune system. The thymus is most active during childhood and adolescence, gradually decreasing in … Read more
The pineal gland is a small, pea-shaped endocrine gland located in the brain, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded thalamic bodies join. Despite its small size, the pineal gland plays a significant role in the regulation of various body functions, especially related to … Read more
The pancreas is a vital organ that lies in the abdomen, behind the stomach and in close proximity to the duodenum. It plays a crucial role in both the digestive system and the endocrine system, making it unique in its functions and importance to overall health. Structure of Pancreas Location and Appearance: Elongated organ located … Read more
