Human Anatomy & Physiology II

Functions of the Kidney Filtration of Blood Filter waste and excess substances from blood, excreting them as urine. Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure Adjust water excretion and release renin to regulate blood pressure. Electrolyte Balance Maintain balance of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium. Acid-Base Balance Regulate blood pH by excreting hydrogen ions and … Read more

Nephron anatomy are the microscopic structural and functional units of the kidney, crucial for the process of filtering blood, removing waste, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons. A nephron is composed of two main parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. Renal Corpuscle The renal corpuscle is … Read more

The Micturition Reflex controls the act of urination through a combination of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms. It involves interaction between the central nervous system and the urinary tract. Components of the Micturition Reflex: Bladder Function: The detrusor muscle in the bladder walls stores urine by relaxing and expels urine by contracting during urination. Internal Urethral … Read more

kidney anatomy is intricate, designed to efficiently filter blood, remove waste, maintain electrolyte balance, and regulate blood pressure. Each kidney is a bean-shaped organ, approximately the size of a fist, located on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. The kidneys are part of the upper urinary tract and play a crucial … Read more

Resuscitation methods involve techniques used to preserve life and restore consciousness in individuals who have experienced cardiac arrest, drowning, suffocation, or other conditions leading to respiratory or cardiac failure. The most common method is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), which combines artificial respiration with chest compressions to maintain circulatory flow and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) CPR combines … Read more

Artificial respiration, also known as ventilatory support, involves manually or mechanically assisting or stimulating respiration in a person who is either not breathing or is breathing inadequately. The goal is to ensure adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide when the body’s natural respiratory efforts fail. Key Methods of Artificial Respiration Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation An emergency … Read more

The transport of respiratory gases, specifically oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the lungs and the tissues of the body is a crucial physiological process. Transport of respiratory gases is essential for cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells produce energy. Oxygen Transport Oxygen Uptake in the Lungs Oxygen is inhaled into … Read more

Lung volumes and capacities are measurements that reflect the mechanics of breathing, and the volumes of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. These measurements are crucial for assessing respiratory health and function. There are four primary lung volumes and four lung capacities, which are combinations of different volumes. Lung Volumes: Tidal Volume … Read more

Mechanism of respiration is the process by which the respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. Respiration of Mechanism can be divided into four main processes: ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration. 1. Ventilation (Breathing) Inhalation: Mechanism: The diaphragm contracts and moves … Read more

The regulation of respiration ensures that the body maintains balanced levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This process is controlled by a combination of neural and chemical factors, primarily involving the medulla oblongata and pons in the brainstem. Main Components Involved in the Regulation of Respiration: Medullary Respiratory Center Location: Medulla oblongata Function: Controls the … Read more