Human Anatomy & Physiology II

Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties and activities of cells and tissues. It seeks to understand how electrical signals are generated, transmitted, and processed in neurons and neuronal networks. This knowledge is crucial for understanding brain function and treating neurological disorders. Electrophysiology focuses on the following key aspects: Ion channels: Specialized proteins in … Read more

The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum at the back of the brainstem, is crucial for coordinating movement, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor activities. It has two symmetrical hemispheres connected by the vermis and features a highly folded surface. Structure: 1. Cerebellar Cortex: Outer layer of Gray matter with tightly folded ridges called folia. Contains Purkinje … Read more

Cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the human brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and conscious perception. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum, which enables communication between the two hemispheres. Cerebral … Read more

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, regulating vital functions, and enabling cognitive functions like thinking and memory. It consists of billions of neurons connected by trillions of synapses and is protected by the skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier. Main Regions of … Read more

The meninges are three protective layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These layers serve several important functions, such as providing physical protection, supporting the CNS, and containing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain and spinal cord. There are three … Read more

The ventricles of the brain are interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There are four ventricles in total: 1. Two lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere): These C-shaped ventricles are the largest and are located in the cerebral hemispheres. Each lateral ventricle has a central body and three … Read more

An action potential, also known as a nerve impulse, is a rapid and temporary change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane of a neuron. It serves as the primary means of transmitting information within the nervous system. Action potentials are all-or-nothing events, meaning they either occur with full amplitude or not at all, … Read more

Neuroglia, or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support, protect, and maintain the proper functioning of neurons. They play vital roles in providing structural support, modulating synaptic transmission, and maintaining the extracellular environment. There are several types of glial cells, each with specific functions The classification of neuroglia cells can be … Read more

A synapse is a specialized junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell, such as a muscle or gland cell. It serves as the site where electrical signals are transmitted from one cell to another, allowing communication within the nervous system. Synapses play a crucial role in the processing, integration, and … Read more

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is one of the two main components of the nervous system, the other being the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by various layers of connective tissue and bone (the skull and vertebral column). The main functions of … Read more