Formulation of Tablets involves selecting suitable excipients and processing methods to create effective, stable dosage forms. It includes drug blending, granulation, compression, and coating for consistent drug release and patient compliance. Formulating a tablet involves selecting appropriate APIs and excipients and determining their proportions to achieve desired tablet properties. The formulation process includes: Steps involved … Read more
The classification of tablets includes oral, buccal, sublingual, vaginal, and implantable tablets, each designed for specific delivery sites. The classification of tablets also includes immediate release, sustained release, delayed release, and controlled release forms. Based on Route of Administration: Oral Tablets: Conventional Tablets: Disintegrate and dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., Paracetamol). Chewable Tablets: Meant … Read more
Excipients used in tablet formulation aid in tablet integrity, drug release, and patient compliance. Common excipients used in tablet formulation include binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, and coating agents. Excipients are inactive substances used to aid the manufacturing process and enhance the performance of the drug. They serve multiple function: Diluent (Filler) Increases bulk to produce … Read more
Ideal characteristics of tablets include uniform weight, hardness, and resistance to chipping, ensuring consistent quality and durability. Ideal characteristics of tablets involve rapid disintegration, accurate dosage, and high bioavailability for effective therapeutic action. An ideal tablet should possess the following features: Physical Properties: Uniform weight, size, and shape. Smooth surface with no cracks or chips. … Read more
Introduction to Tablet: Made by compression, widely used for systemic and local effects. Introduction to Tablet: Solid oral dosage form with precise drug dose, easy to use and transport. Tablets are solid dosage forms containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, intended for oral administration. They are the most commonly used form of drug delivery … Read more
The solubility profile helps determine how a drug dissolves in bodily fluids, influencing its absorption and bioavailability. pKa, pH, and Log P are key parameters that affect a compound’s solubility profile and its formulation. pKa (Ionization Constant): Definition: The pH at which 50 Importance: Ionized drugs are more soluble in water, while unionized drugs have … Read more
The Application of Pre-formulation Considerations in Dosage Forms helps determine drug solubility, stability, and compatibility for effective formulation. Proper Application of Pre-formulation Considerations in Dosage Forms ensures optimal bioavailability, patient compliance, and safety in pharmaceutical preparations. Solid Dosage Forms: (Tablets, Capsules) Impact on Stability: Particle size affects dissolution and absorption. Poor flow properties can result … Read more
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes drugs based on their solubility and permeability, which influence absorption and bioavailability. It helps in designing formulations and regulatory strategies. Classification: Class Solubility Permeability Examples I High High Metoprolol, Propranolol II Low High Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen III High Low Cimetidine, Ranitidine IV Low Low Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide Significance of Biopharmaceutics Classification … Read more
Definition of Polymerization: Polymerization is the linking of monomer units to form larger molecular structures, which can cause undesirable changes in drug properties. Examples: Example Reaction (Addition Polymerization of Formaldehyde): n(HCHO) → (–CH₂–O–)ₙ Example Reaction (Condensation Polymerization of Amino Acids): RCOOH + R’NH₂ → RCONHR’ + H₂O Prevention Strategies of Polymerization: Use stabilizers and appropriate … Read more
Definition of Racemization: Racemization is the interconversion of enantiomers (optical isomers) that can lead to changes in biological activity. Mechanism: A chiral molecule can transform into its mirror-image isomer under certain conditions (pH, temperature, etc.). Examples: Example Reaction (Racemization of Amino Acids): L-AminoAcid —[pH, temperature]→ D-AminoAcid Thalidomide: One enantiomer is … Read more
