Tocainide Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic used to manage ventricular arrhythmias by inhibiting sodium influx. Structure of Tocainide Hydrochloride Tocainide hydrochloride is an amide-type antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to procainamide. It features a diethylaminoethyl side chain attached to a 2,6-dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid core. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₅N₃O₂S·HCl Mode of Action Class IA Antiarrhythmic: Blocks fast sodium … Read more
Lidocaine Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic for acute ventricular arrhythmias, blocking sodium entry in heart cells. Structure of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Lidocaine hydrochloride is an amide-type local anesthetic with a diethylaminoethyl side chain attached to a 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-imidazolidinone core. It exists as the hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₂₁N₃O · HCl Mode of Action … Read more
Phenytoin Sodium is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic used mainly for digitalis-induced arrhythmias by modulating sodium channels. Structure of Phenytoin Sodium It is a hydantoin derivative with a diphenylmethyl group attached to the hydantoin ring. It exists primarily in the sodium salt form to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₂Na Mode of Action Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockade: … Read more
Disopyramide Phosphate is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic used in ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing cardiac electrical activity. Structure of Disopyramide Phosphate Disopyramide phosphate is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent with a quinuclidine core structure. It features a dibenzodioxepin ring system linked to a quinuclidine moiety and a diethylamino group. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₉N₃O₄S·H₃PO₄ Mode of Action Class … Read more
Procainamide Hydrochloride is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic that treats arrhythmias by blocking sodium channels and slowing impulses. Structure of Procainamide Hydrochloride Procainamide hydrochloride is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to the local anesthetic procainamide. It contains an amide linkage with a diethylamino group and a phenyl ring. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₀N₄O₂S·HCl Mode of Action … Read more
Quinidine Sulphate is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic used to treat atrial and ventricular arrhythmias by slowing heart conduction. Structure of Quinidine Sulphate Quinidine sulphate is a stereoisomer of quinine, belonging to the class IA antiarrhythmic agents. It features a quinoline structure with a stereocenter that distinguishes it from quinine. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₂₉NO₄S Mode of Action … Read more
Anti-arrhythmic drugs correct irregular heartbeats by altering cardiac impulses to restore normal rhythm and heart function. Anti-arrhythmic drugs are medications used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). These drugs work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm, thereby ensuring efficient blood circulation throughout the … Read more
Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm caused by irregular electrical activity, leading to a heartbeat that is too fast, too slow, or erratic. Definition of Arrhythmia: Arrhythmia is an irregular heart rhythm, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or erratically, impacting its blood-pumping efficiency. Types of Arrhythmias: Tachycardia: Fast heart rate (>100 … Read more
Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor used in hypertension and heart failure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. Structure of Enalapril Enalapril is a prodrug ACE inhibitor converted to enalaprilat in vivo, featuring a proline derivative linked to a diethyl ester. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₅N₃O₅ Mode of Action Prodrug Activation: Converted to active enalaprilat in … Read more
Diazoxide is a vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies by relaxing arterioles and rapidly reducing blood pressure. Structure of Diazoxide Diazoxide is a benzothiadiazine derivative with an open ring structure, containing a sulfonamide group and a hydroxyl substituent. Chemical Formula: C₈H₇N₃O₃S Mode of Action Potassium Channel Opener: Activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Hyperpolarization: … Read more
