Captopril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Captopril Captopril is the first synthetic ACE inhibitor, featuring a sulfhydryl (-SH) group attached to a proline moiety. Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₇NO₃S Mode of Action ACE Inhibition: Blocks the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), preventing the … Read more
Anti-Hypertensive Agents are drugs used to lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. Anti-hypertensive agents are drugs used to manage high blood pressure (hypertension). They work through various mechanisms to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications like heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Classification … Read more
Hypertension commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other serious health issues. Blood Pressure Classification Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal < 120 < 80 Pre-Hypertension 120 – 139 80 – 89 … Read more
Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure by drawing fluid out through the kidneys. Structure of Mannitol Mannitol is a sugar alcohol with six hydroxyl groups, making it highly hydrophilic and osmotic. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₄O₆ Mode of Action Osmotic Gradient Creation: Mannitol remains in the extracellular space, creating an osmotic … Read more
Timolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used to treat hypertension, angina, and glaucoma by reducing heart rate and intraocular pressure. Structure of Timolol Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker featuring a diphenylmethanol structure with a secondary amine. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₃ Mode of Action Beta-Blockade: Inhibits both β₁ and β₂ adrenergic receptors. Cardiac Effects: Reduces heart … Read more
Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension by reducing sodium reabsorption without potassium loss. Structure of Triamterene Triamterene is a non-steroidal potassium-sparing diuretic with a triazine ring structure attached to an aromatic moiety and amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₁₅N₃O₃ Mode of Action ENaC Inhibition: Blocks epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in the … Read more
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in hypertension, heart failure, and edema by blocking aldosterone effects. Structure of Spironolactone Spironolactone is a steroidal potassium-sparing diuretic with a fused cyclohexene and lactone ring structure, containing a sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₂₈H₃₉ClN₂O₄S Mode of Action Aldosterone Antagonism: Blocks aldosterone receptors in the distal nephron, inhibiting sodium reabsorption … Read more
Ethacrynic Acid is a loop diuretic used to treat edema by increasing urine output without containing sulfa, making it suitable for sulfa-allergic patients. Structure of Ethacrynic Acid Ethacrynic acid is a non-sulfonamide loop diuretic with a vinyl group and a double bond, distinguishing it from other loop diuretics. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₅NO₄ Mode of Action Loop … Read more
Bumetanide is a potent loop diuretic used to treat edema in heart failure and renal disorders by promoting fluid and electrolyte excretion. Structure of Bumetanide Bumetanide is a loop diuretic similar to furosemide but with a more potent diuretic effect due to structural modifications. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₂₄BrN₃O₅S Mode of Action Loop of Henle Inhibition: Blocks … Read more
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension by promoting rapid excretion of sodium, chloride, and water from the kidneys. Structure of Furosemide Furosemide is a sulfonamide derivative belonging to the loop diuretic class, characterized by a benzothiazine structure with a furan ring and a sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₉ClN₂O₅S₂ Mode of … Read more
