Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used to treat acid reflux, ulcers, and GERD by blocking gastric acid production. Structure of Omeprazole It is a benzimidazole derivative characterized by a pyridine ring fused to a benzimidazole structure with a sulfoxide group and a methoxy group. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₁₉N₃O₃S Mode of Action Omeprazole is a … Read more
Below we have described how Gastric proton pump inhibitor work to reduce stomach acid, treat ulcers, and manage acid reflux effectively. Definition of Gastric proton pump inhibitor: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of drugs that rapidly and effectively reduce stomach acid production by irreversibly blocking the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase proton pump located on the parietal cells … Read more
Ranitidine is an H₂-receptor antagonist used to reduce stomach acid in conditions like ulcers, GERD, and acid reflux. Structure of Ranitidine It is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist featuring a furan ring connected to a dimethylamine side chain and a nitro group. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₂₈N₄O₃S Mode of Action Ranitidine selectively blocks H₂ receptors on gastric parietal … Read more
Famotidine is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist used to treat ulcers, GERD, and acid-related disorders. Structure of Famotidine It is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist characterized by a thiazole ring linked to a guanidine moiety and a difluoromethyl group. Chemical Formula: C₈H₉N₇O₂S₂ Mode of Action Famotidine competitively inhibits H₂ receptors on gastric parietal cells, leading to decreased … Read more
Discover how Cimetidine works as an H2 blocker to reduce stomach acid and treat ulcers GERD and related digestive disorders. Structure of Cimetidine It is a first-generation H₂-receptor antagonist featuring a thiazole ring connected to a dimethylamine side chain and an imidazole moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₄N₄S Mode of Action Cimetidine selectively inhibits H₂ receptors on … Read more
This topic describes how H2 antagonists reduce stomach acid by blocking histamine action and are used to treat ulcers acid reflux and related conditions. Definition H2 Antagonists: H₂ antagonists are a class of drugs that block histamine H₂ receptors located on the parietal cells of the stomach. By inhibiting histamine’s action, these drugs reduce the … Read more
Cromolyn Sodium is a mast cell stabilizer widely used in the treatment of allergic conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Unlike typical antihistamines, it does not block H₁ receptors directly but works by preventing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells. Its unique chemical structure, a polysulfated derivative … Read more
Levocetirizine is the active enantiomer of cetirizine, offering enhanced potency and reduced side effects in the treatment of allergic conditions. Structurally, it retains the piperazine ring seen in cetirizine but provides greater selectivity for peripheral H₁ receptors. Structure of Levocetirizine It is the active enantiomer of Cetirizine, featuring a similar piperazine structure with enhanced selectivity. … Read more
Loratadine is a second-generation, non-sedating H₁-antihistamine commonly used to manage allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and seasonal allergic reactions. It features a tricyclic structure that enhances peripheral selectivity and reduces central nervous system penetration, resulting in minimal sedation. It works by selectively blocking peripheral H₁ receptors, providing long-lasting relief from histamine-induced symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and … Read more
Cetirizine is a second-generation H₁-antihistamine derived from hydroxyzine, widely used for managing allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and seasonal allergies. Its structure includes a piperazine ring substituted with a carboxylic acid group and an aromatic ring, contributing to its peripheral selectivity. By blocking H₁ receptors without significant CNS penetration, it effectively relieves histamine-mediated symptoms with minimal … Read more
