Local anesthetics are drugs that block nerve conduction at the site of administration, causing temporary loss of sensation without unconsciousness. Definition: Local anesthetics are medications that temporarily block sensation in a specific area of the body without affecting consciousness. They are commonly used during surgical, dental, and diagnostic procedures to prevent or relieve pain. Mechanism … Read more
SAR of Local anaesthesia SAR of Local Anaesthesia shows how lipophilic group, intermediate chain, and amine group influence potency, duration, and activity. Aromatic Group (Lipophilic End): Typically, a benzene ring, responsible for lipophilicity, enabling penetration of nerve cell membranes. Potency is proportional to lipid solubility, influencing membrane penetration. Intermediate Chain (Linker): Connects the aromatic group … Read more
Voglibose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor antidiabetic drug that helps control post-meal blood sugar by delaying carbohydrate absorption. Structure of Voglibose It is an iminosugar derivative with a cyclitol backbone, structurally modified to enhance specificity for intestinal alpha-glucosidases. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₂₀N₂O₈ Mode of Action Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition: Specifically inhibits intestinal enzymes, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Postprandial Glycemic Control: … Read more
Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor antidiabetic drug that lowers blood sugar by delaying carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption. Structure of Acarbose It is a pseudotetrasaccharide composed of glucose units linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds, modified with a valienamine moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₃₄N₂O₁₄ Mode of Action Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition: Blocks enzymes responsible for breaking down … Read more
Nateglinide is a meglitinide antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating rapid insulin release from the pancreas, making it particularly effective in controlling post-meal glucose levels. With its fast onset and short duration of action, Nateglinide helps improve glycemic control while reducing the risk of … Read more
Repaglinide is a meglitinide antidiabetic drug commonly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating quick and short-acting insulin release from the pancreas, particularly effective in controlling postprandial (after-meal) glucose spikes. With its rapid onset and short duration of action, Repaglinide offers flexibility in dosing and is especially … Read more
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug that enhances insulin sensitivity to help manage blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. Structure of Rosiglitazone It is a TZD with a similar core structure to pioglitazone but contains a different aromatic substituent, enhancing its potency. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₂₅N₃O₃S Mode of Action PPAR-γ Agonism: Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral … Read more
Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug that improves insulin sensitivity and controls blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. Structure of Pioglitazone Pioglitazone is a TZD with a thiazolidinedione ring substituted with a pyridine moiety, enhancing its binding affinity to PPAR-γ. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₂S Mode of Action PPAR-γ Agonism: Enhances insulin sensitivity by modulating gene expression … Read more
Metformin is a biguanide antidiabetic drug that lowers blood sugar by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. Structure of Metformin Metformin is a biguanide derivative with two guanidine groups attached to a dimethylamine backbone. Chemical Formula: C₄H₁₁N₅ Mode of Action AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Activation: Enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Intestinal … Read more
Glimepiride is a third-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug widely used in type 2 diabetes treatment. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion and is considered more effective and safer than earlier sulfonylureas, offering better glycemic control with a lower risk of side effects. Structure of Glimepiride Glimepiride is a third-generation sulfonylurea with a triazole … Read more
