Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug used in type 2 diabetes management. It lowers blood sugar by enhancing insulin release from the pancreas and offers greater potency with fewer side effects compared to first-generation agents. Structure of Glipizide Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea with a substituted imidazolidine ring, offering improved potency and shorter half-life. … Read more
Introduction to Chlorpropamide: Chlorpropamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It helps lower blood sugar by stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion, thereby enhancing the body’s natural ability to regulate glucose levels. As one of the earliest oral hypoglycemic agents, it plays an important role in improving glycemic … Read more
Tolbutamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug that lowers blood sugar by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas. Structure of Tolbutamide Tolbutamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea with a benzene ring substituted with a sulfonylurea moiety and butyl side chains. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₅N₃O₃S Mode of Action ATP-Sensitive K⁺ Channel Blockade: Inhibits K⁺ channels on pancreatic beta … Read more
Antidiabetic agents are medications used to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus. These agents work through various mechanisms to enhance insulin action, increase insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose production, or decrease glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Proper classification of antidiabetic agents is essential for selecting appropriate therapy based on the patient’s … Read more
Preparation of Insulin Preparation of insulin involves extraction or recombinant DNA technology to produce purified hormone for diabetes treatment. Formation of Preproinsulin: Insulin synthesis begins with preproinsulin (110 amino acids), synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Conversion to Proinsulin: Preproinsulin is processed in the Golgi apparatus to form proinsulin, an inactive precursor. Folding and Bond … Read more
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar by enabling glucose uptake into cells, used in diabetes management. Introduction: It is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells (liver, fat, and muscle tissues) and aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, … Read more
L-Thyronine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T3 used to treat hypothyroidism and support healthy metabolism. Structure of L-Thyronine L-Thyronine, also known as triiodothyronine (T3), is a thyroid hormone with a tyrosine backbone and three iodine atoms. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₁₅I₃NO₄ Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Acts similarly to endogenous T3, binding to … Read more
Also known as Diabetes, diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronically high blood sugar levels. In this condition, the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar levels. Symptoms Excessive urination Glucose present in urine Increased thirst Increased appetite Feeling weak and tired Causes Defects in insulin formation, secretion, or action Obesity and … Read more
Methimazole is an antithyroid drug used to manage hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone production. Structure of Methimazole Methimazole is an antithyroid drug with a thiourea structure, featuring a methyl group attached to the nitrogen of the thiourea moiety. Chemical Formula: C₄H₈N₂S Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Inhibition: Similar to propylthiouracil, methimazole inhibits thyroid peroxidase, … Read more
Propylthiouracil is an antithyroid drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by blocking thyroid hormone synthesis. Structure of Propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil is an antithyroid drug with a thiouracil structure, featuring a propyl side chain attached to the uracil ring. Chemical Formula: C₅H₉N₃O₂S Mode of Action Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Inhibition: Blocks the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, preventing the iodination of … Read more
