Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate is a long-acting anti-anginal drug that improves blood flow and reduces cardiac workload by dilating blood vessels. Structure of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate PETN is a nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, featuring four nitrate groups esterified to the hydroxyl groups of pentaerythritol. Chemical Formula: C₅H₈N₃O₁₈ Mode of Action Nitric Oxide Release: PETN metabolizes to release NO, … Read more
Nitroglycerin is a potent anti-anginal drug that relieves chest pain by dilating coronary arteries and reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Structure of Nitroglycerin It is also known as glyceryl trinitrate, is a nitrate ester of glycerol. It contains three nitrate groups esterified to the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Chemical Formula: C₃H₅N₃O₉ Mode of Action Nitric … Read more
Angina Pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often triggered by exertion or stress and linked to coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris, commonly referred to simply as angina, is a clinical syndrome characterized by ischemic chest pain resulting from an imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply. It … Read more
Anti-Anginal Drugs are medications that relieve chest pain in angina by improving blood flow to the heart or reducing its oxygen demand. Anti-anginal drugs are medications used to alleviate and prevent angina pectoris (chest pain) resulting from myocardial ischemia. They work by either increasing the oxygen supply to the heart muscle or decreasing its oxygen … Read more
Bleomycin is an anti-neoplastic antibiotic used in cancers like Hodgkin’s lymphoma by inducing DNA strand breaks in cancer cells. Structure of Bleomycin It is a glycopeptide antibiotic comprising a metal-binding domain and a bithiazole ring, linked to a glycosidic sugar moiety. Chemical Formula: C₅₇H₇₉N₁₂O₂₉S₆ Mode of Action DNA Scission: Induces single and double-strand breaks in … Read more
Cisplatin is an anti-neoplastic agent used in various cancers by forming DNA crosslinks, which inhibit replication and trigger cell death. Structure of Cisplatin Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent with a square planar geometry, featuring two chloride ligands and two amine groups bound to a central platinum atom. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₈Cl₂N₄Pt Mode of Action DNA … Read more
Vincristine Sulphate is an anti-neoplastic agent used in leukemia and lymphomas by inhibiting microtubule assembly and cell division. Structure of Vincristine Sulphate Vincristine is another vinca alkaloid similar to Vinblastine, comprising the same monomers: catharanthine and vindoline, but with slight structural variations. Chemical Formula: C₂₇H₂₈N₄O₁₂ Mode of Action Microtubule Inhibition: Binds to tubulin, preventing microtubule … Read more
Vinblastine Sulphate is an anti-neoplastic alkaloid used in cancers like Hodgkin’s lymphoma by inhibiting microtubule formation and cell division. Structure of Vinblastine Sulphate Vinblastine is a vinca alkaloid comprising two monomers: catharanthine and vindoline, linked together. Chemical Formula: C₄₈H₅₈N₁₄O₁₂ Mode of Action Microtubule Inhibition: Binds to tubulin, preventing microtubule assembly and disassembly. Mitotic Arrest: Halts … Read more
Etoposide is an anti-neoplastic agent used in lung and testicular cancers by inhibiting topoisomerase II and causing DNA strand breaks. Structure of Etoposide Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin derivative featuring a dioxolane ring and a dihydropyran ring linked to a benzene ring. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₁₄O₆ Mode of Action Topoisomerase II Inhibition: Prevents DNA strand re-ligation, causing … Read more
Doxorubicin is an anti-neoplastic antibiotic used in various cancers by intercalating DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, blocking cancer cell replication. Structure of Doxorubicin Doxorubicin, also an anthracycline antibiotic, features a tetracyclic ring structure with a daunosamine sugar moiety and a hydroxyl group. Chemical Formula: C₂₉H₂₁NO₁₄ Mode of Action DNA Intercalation: Disrupts DNA replication and transcription … Read more
