B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Kinetics of Protein Binding describes drug–protein association and dissociation rates impacting pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Protein binding kinetics describes the interaction between a drug (D) and a protein (P) to form a drug-protein complex (DP). This process follows a reversible equilibrium: $D + P \;\rightleftharpoons\; DP$ Rate of Drug-Protein Binding The association and dissociation of drug-protein … Read more
Clinical significance of protein binding of drugs lies in its effect on drug action, half-life, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes. Clinical significance of protein binding of drugs Protein binding significantly impacts a drug’s pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic effectiveness. Understanding this process is crucial for optimizing drug therapy. Drug Distribution Only the unbound (free) drug can cross … Read more
Determination of Reaction Order defines how reactant concentration influences reaction rate. Determining the order of a degradation reaction involves monitoring concentration over time and fitting data to various integrated rate equations. Methods of Determination of Reaction Order: Graphical Method Plot concentration vs. time for different rate laws: Zero order: [A] vs. time (linear) First order: … Read more
The units of k depend on the reaction order. To ensure the rate has units of concentration/time (e.g., mol/L·s), units of k vary: Reaction Order Rate Expression Units of k Zero Rate = k mol·L⁻¹·s⁻¹ or concentration/time First Rate = s⁻¹ or time⁻¹ Second Rate = L·mol⁻¹·s⁻¹ or concentration⁻¹·time⁻¹v
First-Order Reactions are vital in drug stability, absorption, and pharmacokinetic studies. Definition: Rate of degradation is proportional to the concentration of the drug. Rate law: Derivation: Separate variables: $\text{Rate} = -\frac{d[A]}{dt} = k[A]$ Integrate both sides: $\frac{d[A]}{[A]} = -k \, dt$ Integrated form: $\int_{[A]_0}^{[A]} \frac{d[A]}{[A]} = -k \int_{0}^{t} dt$ $\ln [A] – \ln [A]_0 = … Read more
Pseudo-Zero Order Reactions are key in controlled drug delivery ensuring steady plasma levels. Not a true kinetic order, but appears zero-order due to constant concentration of one or more reactants. Occurs when a reactant is in large excess or is replenished (e.g., oxygen or water in excess). Often used in formulation studies where degradation appears … Read more
Zero-Order Reactions explain drug elimination like alcohol and phenytoin at saturating doses. Definition: Rate of degradation is independent of concentration. Rate law: \(\text{Rate} = -\frac{d[A]}{dt} = k\) Separate variables: \( d[A] = -k \, dt \) Integrate both sides: $\int_{[A]_0}^{[A]} d[A] = -k \int_{0}^{t} dt$ Graph: Plot of [A] vs. time = straight line with … Read more
Reaction kinetics sand Its Relevance to Drug Stability is the study of rates at which chemical reactions occur. In pharmaceuticals, it helps: Predict how long a drug remains stable Design appropriate storage conditions Optimize formulations Set expiration dates A general rate law expresses how the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of reactants. General … Read more
Definition of Drug Stability Drug stability refers to the ability of a pharmaceutical product to maintain its physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological specifications throughout its shelf life. A drug degrades over time due to: Chemical reactions (e.g., hydrolysis, oxidation, photodegradation) Environmental factors (light, temperature, humidity) Interaction with excipients or container Types of Stability: Chemical … Read more
Particle Number helps assess size distribution, stability, and quality in pharmaceutical formulations. Particle Number refers to the total count of discrete particles present in a given dispersion or sample. You can estimate the numbers of particles in a sample if the total mass, average particles diameter, and density are known. Formula $N = \frac{6M}{\pi D^{3} … Read more