B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
The cardiac cycle is a series of events that occur in the heart during one complete heartbeat. It consists of two main phases: diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction). During the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles contract and relax in a coordinated manner to pump blood throughout the body. The duration of a single cardiac … Read more
Cardiac output (CO) is a measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is a crucial indicator of the efficiency of the heart and the circulatory system in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues. Factors Determining Cardiac Output CO is determined by two primary factors: Heart Rate … Read more
Heartbeat Regulation by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)) plays a crucial role in regulating the heartbeat and maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The ANS consists of two primary branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), both of which have opposing effects on heart function. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Role: Responsible for the … Read more
The spinal cord is a long, tubular structure that extends from the base of the brain (medulla oblongata) down to the lower back, protected by the vertebral column and encased in meninges. It is a crucial part of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as a conduit for transmitting neural signals between the brain … Read more
Diencephalon is a region of the brain located between the cerebrum and the brainstem. It is composed of several important structures that play critical roles in sensory information processing, hormone regulation, and the maintenance of essential body functions. The primary components of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus: 1. Thalamus: Structure: The … Read more
The brainstem is a critical part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It is responsible for regulating many essential life-sustaining functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as serving as a relay center for both sensory and motor pathways. The brainstem can be divided … Read more
Conduction System of Heart -Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat: The Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat refer to a specialized network of cells responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that control the heart’s rhythmic contractions. This system ensures that the heart beats in … Read more
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties and activities of cells and tissues. It seeks to understand how electrical signals are generated, transmitted, and processed in neurons and neuronal networks. This knowledge is crucial for understanding brain function and treating neurological disorders. Electrophysiology focuses on the following key aspects: Ion channels: Specialized proteins in … Read more
Blood vessels form a vital network in the circulatory system, transporting blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. There are three main types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 1. Arteries of Blood Vessels Function: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery) and withstand high pressure … Read more
The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum at the back of the brainstem, is crucial for coordinating movement, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor activities. It has two symmetrical hemispheres connected by the vermis and features a highly folded surface. Structure: 1. Cerebellar Cortex: Outer layer of Gray matter with tightly folded ridges called folia. Contains Purkinje … Read more
