B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Thixotropy in Formulation describes reversible gel-to-sol transitions under shear, improving dosage form handling. Thixotropy In Formulation is a desirable property in liquid pharmaceutical systems, which should have: High consistency in the container. Yet pour or spread easily upon use. Procaine benzyl penicillin (procaine penicillin) combines benzyl penicillin with the local anaesthetic procaine. Thixotropy enhances suspension … Read more
Purine is a bicyclic heterocyclic compound forming the basis of nucleic acids, coenzymes, and many pharmaceutical agents. Structure A fused bicyclic ring: pyrimidine ring fused with imidazole. Molecular formula: C₅H₄N₄ Found in DNA and RNA (adenine and guanine). Synthesis Traube Synthesis Multi-step process starting from 4,5-diaminopyrimidine, formic acid or formamide, then cyclization. Produces purine nucleus. … Read more
Pyrimidine is a six-membered heterocyclic compound with nitrogen atoms, essential in nucleic acids, drugs, and medicinal chemistry. Structure It is a six-membered aromatic heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3. Molecular formula: C₄H₄N₂ Synthesis Biginelli Reaction (for substituted pyrimidines) Reactants: β-keto ester, aldehyde, and urea or thiourea. Conditions: Acidic catalysis, heating. Mechanism: … Read more
Azepines are seven-membered heterocyclic compounds important in medicinal chemistry and drug design for CNS and therapeutic agents. Structure These are seven-membered heterocycles with one nitrogen atom. Can be saturated or unsaturated (aromatic). There are several subclasses: Azepine (basic) Diazepine (2 N atoms – as in benzodiazepines) Thiazepine (N and S atoms) Synthesis of Azepines Ring … Read more
Reactions of Indole include electrophilic substitution, oxidation, reduction, and cyclization pathways vital in drug synthesis. Reactions of Indole Electrophilic Substitution (EAS) Very reactive at C-3 (due to resonance stabilization of carbocation intermediate). Secondarily reactive at C-2. Examples: Nitration: dilute HNO₃ → 3-nitroindole Halogenation: Br₂ → 3-bromoindole Friedel–Crafts acylation: at C-3 Vilsmeier–Haack Reaction: POCl₃/DMF → 3-formylindole … Read more
Basicity of Pyridine explains its nitrogen lone pair, resonance effects, and comparison with pyrrole and aliphatic amines. The basicity of pyridine refers to its ability to accept a proton (H⁺), which depends on the availability of its lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Structure and Basicity Pyridine is an aromatic heterocycle with the … Read more
Definition of Thixotropy (Time-Dependent Shear-Thinning): Thixotropy (Time-Dependent Shear-Thinning) is a time-dependent shear-thinning behavior. When a material is subjected to constant shear, its viscosity decreases over time. When the shear is removed, the material slowly regains its original viscosity. Key Features: Viscosity decreases with sustained shear. Recovery is reversible but time-dependent. Exhibits a hysteresis loop in … Read more
Definition of Dilatant Flow (Shear-Thickening): Dilatant Flow (Shear-Thickening) is seen in suspensions, protective gear, and industrial formulations. Dilatant fluids increase in viscosity with increasing shear rate. They become thicker and harder to move as more force is applied. Rheological Behavior: No yield stress Shear-thickening Flow curve is convex upward Equation (Power Law): $\tau = K … Read more
Definition of Pseudoplastic Flow (Shear-Thinning): Pseudoplastic Flow (Shear-Thinning) shows viscosity decreases with rising shear rate in fluids. Pseudoplastic fluids decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate. The more you stir or apply shear, the thinner the fluid becomes. Here’s the graph showing the shear-thinning behavior of a pseudoplastic fluid. As shear rate increases, the … Read more
Definition of Plastic Flow (Bingham Plastic): A plastic fluid (Bingham Plastic) behaves as a solid until a certain yield stress is exceeded. Beyond this point, it flows like a Newtonian fluid with a constant viscosity. Rheological Behavior: Requires minimum force (yield value) to initiate flow. Once flow starts, shear stress and shear rate are linearly … Read more