B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Ethchlorvynol acts on the CNS, enhancing inhibitory pathways to induce sleep and relaxation. It is used as a sedative-hypnotic for short-term relief of insomnia. Chemical Formula: C₇H₁₁ClO Mechanism of Action: CNS depressant with barbiturate-like action Potentiates GABA-mediated chloride currents Therapeutic Uses of Ethchlorvynol: Insomnia (short-term) Side Effects of Ethchlorvynol: Dizziness Euphoria Nausea Risk of dependence, … Read more
Intravenous (IV) Anesthetics induce rapid unconsciousness and are commonly used for surgical anesthesia induction. Intravenous (IV) Anesthetics Rapid onset (within seconds) Commonly used for induction of anesthesia Often followed by maintenance with inhalational agents Suitable for short procedures Important IV Agents Drug Mechanism Use Adverse Effects Propofol GABA-A agonist Induction, short procedures Hypotension, pain on … Read more
Seizures and Their Types refer to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, categorized into generalized, focal, and unknown onset seizures. What is a Seizure? A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or consciousness. Classification of Seizures Seizures are broadly classified into: Focal (Partial) … Read more
Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) are medications used to control and prevent seizures by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain. Definition of Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDS): AEDs are used to suppress abnormal electrical activity in the brain associated with epileptic seizures. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Classification of Anti-Epileptic Drugs Based on … Read more
Definition of Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Centrally acting muscle relaxants are a class of drugs that reduce muscle tone and help relieve muscle spasms through actions on the central nervous system (CNS) rather than directly on skeletal muscles. Mechanism of Action: These drugs work primarily by: Depressing neuronal activity in the brain and/or spinal cord. … Read more
Definition of Sedatives and Hypnotics: Sedatives: Drugs that reduce anxiety and exert a calming effect without inducing sleep at low doses. Hypnotics: Drugs that induce and maintain sleep at higher doses. The same drug can act as both a sedative and a hypnotic depending on dose. Mechanism of Action Most act by potentiating GABA-A receptors … Read more
Pre-anesthetics are drugs given before anesthesia to reduce anxiety, pain, and side effects during surgery. Pre-anesthetics Pre-anesthetics are drugs administered before the induction of anesthesia to improve the quality and safety of anesthesia and surgery. They are used to: Calm the patient (anxiolysis) Reduce pain (preemptive analgesia) Decrease secretions Prevent reflex responses (bradycardia, salivation) Reduce … Read more
Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Via lungs → alveoli → blood → brain Distribution: Depends on blood-gas partition coefficient Low B/G coefficient = faster induction/recovery (e.g., Desflurane) High B/G coefficient = slower induction/recovery (e.g., Halothane) Elimination: Mostly exhaled unchanged; some undergo hepatic metabolism (e.g., Halothane) Potency – Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) MAC: Concentration required to prevent movement in … Read more
Definition of General Anesthetics: These are central nervous system (CNS) depressants that induce a reversible state of unconsciousness, analgesia, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and loss of reflexes to enable surgical procedures. Stages of General Anesthesia (Guedel’s Classification for Inhaled Agents) Stage I – Analgesia Patient is conscious but drowsy Perception of pain is reduced Stage II … Read more
Below we have described about the Dopamine (DA) which is a neurotransmitter that regulates movement, reward, mood, and plays a role in neurological disorders. Function of Dopamine (DA): Controls movement, reward, emotion, and endocrine regulation. Pathways: Nigrostriatal → movement control (degenerates in Parkinson disease). Mesolimbic/mesocortical → reward, salience (hyperactive in schizophrenia). Tuberoinfundibular → tonic inhibition … Read more
