B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Pharmacovigilance monitors, detects, and prevents adverse drug effects to ensure safe and effective medicine use. Once a drug is on the market, it’s still under continuous surveillance through pharmacovigilance. Definition of Pharmacovigilance: It is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or other drug-related problems. Key Activities: … Read more
Biperiden Hydrochloride treats Parkinson’s disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Biperiden Hydrochloride is an anticholinergic that balances acetylcholine and dopamine in the CNS. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₉NO·HCl Mechanism of Action: Centrally selective M1 receptor antagonist Therapeutic Uses: Parkinson’s disease Drug-induced EPS Side Effects: CNS: confusion, drowsiness Dry mouth Tachycardia Constipation
Orphenadrine Citrate treats muscle pain and stiffness, easing discomfort in acute musculoskeletal conditions. Orphenadrine Citrate is a centrally acting muscle relaxant with mild anticholinergic and analgesic effects. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₃NO·C₆H₈O₇ Mechanism of Action of Orphenadrine Citrate: Anticholinergic + antihistaminic + NMDA antagonist Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant Therapeutic Uses of Orphenadrine Citrate: Muscle pain/spasm Parkinsonism … Read more
Methantheline Bromide helps manage peptic ulcers by reducing gastric acid secretion. Methantheline Bromide is an anticholinergic agent with smooth muscle relaxant action. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₆BrNO₃ Mechanism of Action of Methantheline Bromide: Non-selective muscarinic blocker Acts peripherally (no CNS effects) Therapeutic Uses of Methantheline Bromide: Peptic ulcers GI spasm (older drug, less common now) Side Effects: … Read more
Glycopyrrolate reduces secretions, treats peptic ulcers, and aids in anesthesia premedication. Glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic blocking muscarinic receptors with prolonged action. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₂₈NO₃ Mechanism of Action of Glycopyrrolate: M3 antagonist (peripheral) → decreases secretions & GI motility Does NOT cross BBB Therapeutic Uses of Glycopyrrolate: Pre-op reduction of saliva and respiratory secretions Peptic ulcer … Read more
Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₅NO₂·HCl Mechanism of Action: Blocks M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors Also has direct antispasmodic action on GI smooth muscle Therapeutic Uses: Irritable bowel syndrome Functional GI disorders Abdominal cramps Side Effects: Drowsiness Dizziness Dry mouth Blurred vision Constipation CNS stimulation in high doses SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship): Tertiary amine: Unlike quaternary analogs, it can … Read more
Clidinium Bromide eases abdominal cramps and IBS symptoms by reducing gastric acid and spasms. Clidinium Bromide is an anticholinergic that blocks muscarinic receptors for GI relief. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₆BrNO₃ Mechanism of Action of Clidinium Bromide: Antimuscarinic (M1 and M3) → reduces GI motility and secretions Does not cross BBB effectively Therapeutic Uses of Clidinium Bromide: … Read more
Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride is used in ophthalmology for pupil dilation and cycloplegia. Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride is an anticholinergic blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₅NO₃·HCl Mechanism of Action of Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride: Muscarinic receptor blocker (M3 predominant) Shorter duration than atropine, longer than tropicamide Therapeutic Uses of Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride: Cycloplegic refraction in children Mydriasis for diagnostic … Read more
Tropicamide is used in ophthalmology to dilate pupils for eye exams. Tropicamide acts as a short-acting anticholinergic mydriatic. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₀N₂O₂ Mechanism of Action of Tropicamide: Selective muscarinic antagonist (M4/M3 > M1) Causes mydriasis (pupil dilation) and cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation) Therapeutic Uses of Tropicamide: Ophthalmic exams (short-acting) Fundus examination Side Effects: Transient stinging Blurred … Read more
Ipratropium Bromide is a short-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator with minimal systemic effects. Ipratropium Bromide treats asthma and COPD by relaxing airway muscles and easing breathing. Formula: C₂₀H₃₀BrNO₃ Mechanism: Blocks M3 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle → bronchodilation Minimal CNS effect (doesn’t cross BBB) Uses: COPD Asthma (adjunct) Side Effects: Dry mouth Cough Bitter taste Nasal dryness … Read more
