B Pharmacy

The evaluation of suppositories is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. Key parameters assessed include: Weight Variation Suppositories should have uniform weight for accurate dosing. Individual suppositories are weighed, and the weight variation must fall within pharmacopeial limits. Appearance and Shape Suppositories should have a smooth, uniform appearance without cracks or air bubbles. The … Read more

Several methods exist for preparing suppositories, each with pros and cons. The choice of method depends on factors like the base type, drug solubility, stability, and available equipment. Below are the main methods: 1. Hand Molding Used for small-scale preparation in pharmacy settings. Involves manually shaping the suppository. Steps: Melt the suppository base in a … Read more

Definition of Suppositories Suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities, such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra, where they melt, soften, or dissolve to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s). They are typically made from a base material that is either lipophilic (fat-soluble) or hydrophilic (water-soluble). Types of suppositories: Rectal suppositories: These … Read more

Emulsions can encounter several stability issues due to the immiscible nature of their components. Common problems include creaming, flocculation, coalescence, and phase separation. Below, we discuss these issues and provide methods to overcome them. 1. Creaming Definition: Creaming occurs when the dispersed droplets in an emulsion migrate toward the top or bottom of the system … Read more

Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids (usually oil and water) where one liquid is dispersed as droplets within the other. The process of preparing an emulsion typically involves energy input to break up the dispersed phase into fine droplets and stabilize the system to prevent coalescence. Below are common methods used for the preparation … Read more

Several tests can be performed to identify whether an emulsion is oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O): Dilution Test: Mix a small amount of emulsion with water: If the emulsion dilutes easily and remains homogeneous, it is an O/W emulsion. If the emulsion does not mix and appears heterogeneous, it is a W/O emulsion. This works … Read more

Definition of Emulsifying Agents An emulsifying agent (or emulsifier) is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by improving its kinetic stability. Emulsifiers work by reducing surface tension at the interface between the oil and water phases, making it easier to mix and stabilize the two phases. In pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers can also affect the bioavailability and … Read more

Definition of Emulsions Emulsions in pharmaceutics is a heterogeneous system consisting of two immiscible liquids (often oil and water), where one liquid is dispersed in the other as small droplets. Emulsion is typically unstable and require stabilizing agents (emulsifiers) to maintain the dispersion. Classification of Emulsions Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion: Oil droplets are dispersed in a … Read more

Definition of Deflocculated suspension In a deflocculated suspension, solid particles remain discrete and uniformly dispersed throughout the liquid medium. While initially more uniform, these suspensions are prone to sedimentation and caking, making redispersion difficult. Preparation of Deflocculated Suspensions Particle size reduction: The solid drug is milled or micronized for proper dispersion, similar to flocculated suspensions. … Read more

Definition A flocculated suspension is one in which solid particles form loose, fluffy aggregates called flocs. These flocs settle quickly but can be easily redispersed upon shaking. Flocculated suspensions are preferred in pharmaceuticals due to their better stability and ease of redispersion. Preparation of Flocculated Suspensions Particle size reduction: The solid drug is milled or … Read more