B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension by reducing sodium reabsorption without potassium loss. Structure of Triamterene Triamterene is a non-steroidal potassium-sparing diuretic with a triazine ring structure attached to an aromatic moiety and amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₁₅N₃O₃ Mode of Action ENaC Inhibition: Blocks epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in the … Read more
Definition of Anti-Diuretics: Anti-diuretics are agents that reduce urine production and increase water reabsorption in the kidneys. They are used to manage conditions like diabetes insipidus, nocturia, and certain cases of edema. Classes of Anti-Diuretics: 1. Desmopressin (DDAVP): Mechanism: Synthetic analog of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH). Binds to V2 receptors in the renal collecting ducts, … Read more
Definition of Diuretics: Diuretics are medications that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys, increasing urine output. They are used in conditions like hypertension, heart failure, edema, and certain renal disorders. Classes of Diuretics: 1. Thiazide Diuretics: Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide. Mechanism: Inhibit the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule, reducing … Read more
Urinary System Definition of Urinary System The urinary system (renal system) removes waste, maintains electrolyte balance, regulates blood pressure, and produces hormones. Anatomy Kidneys (2): Filter blood, regulate fluid, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and produce hormones (erythropoietin, renin). Ureters (2): Transport urine to the bladder via peristalsis. Bladder: Stores urine (300–500 mL capacity). Urethra: Excretes urine. … Read more
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in hypertension, heart failure, and edema by blocking aldosterone effects. Structure of Spironolactone Spironolactone is a steroidal potassium-sparing diuretic with a fused cyclohexene and lactone ring structure, containing a sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₂₈H₃₉ClN₂O₄S Mode of Action Aldosterone Antagonism: Blocks aldosterone receptors in the distal nephron, inhibiting sodium reabsorption … Read more
Ethacrynic Acid is a loop diuretic used to treat edema by increasing urine output without containing sulfa, making it suitable for sulfa-allergic patients. Structure of Ethacrynic Acid Ethacrynic acid is a non-sulfonamide loop diuretic with a vinyl group and a double bond, distinguishing it from other loop diuretics. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₅NO₄ Mode of Action Loop … Read more
Bumetanide is a potent loop diuretic used to treat edema in heart failure and renal disorders by promoting fluid and electrolyte excretion. Structure of Bumetanide Bumetanide is a loop diuretic similar to furosemide but with a more potent diuretic effect due to structural modifications. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₂₄BrN₃O₅S Mode of Action Loop of Henle Inhibition: Blocks … Read more
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension by promoting rapid excretion of sodium, chloride, and water from the kidneys. Structure of Furosemide Furosemide is a sulfonamide derivative belonging to the loop diuretic class, characterized by a benzothiazine structure with a furan ring and a sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₉ClN₂O₅S₂ Mode of … Read more
Cyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to manage hypertension and fluid retention by increasing renal excretion of sodium and water. Structure of Cyclothiazide Cyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic with a cyclohexane ring substitution, differing structurally from other thiazides. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₅ClN₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted … Read more
Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and edema by promoting renal excretion of sodium and water. Structure of Hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic with a fluorine atom substitution, enhancing its potency and duration of action. Chemical Formula: C₈H₈ClF₅N₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in … Read more
