B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Source and Occurrence of Quinine Quinine is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree (Cinchona officinalis, Cinchona bark). It is a bitter alkaloid with antimalarial properties. Isolation Extraction: Bark Processing: The bark is dried and powdered. Alkaloid Extraction: Mixed with an acidic aqueous solution (e.g., dilute HCl) to convert quinine into its water-soluble salt. … Read more
Bleomycin is an anti-neoplastic antibiotic used in cancers like Hodgkin’s lymphoma by inducing DNA strand breaks in cancer cells. Structure of Bleomycin It is a glycopeptide antibiotic comprising a metal-binding domain and a bithiazole ring, linked to a glycosidic sugar moiety. Chemical Formula: C₅₇H₇₉N₁₂O₂₉S₆ Mode of Action DNA Scission: Induces single and double-strand breaks in … Read more
Cisplatin is an anti-neoplastic agent used in various cancers by forming DNA crosslinks, which inhibit replication and trigger cell death. Structure of Cisplatin Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent with a square planar geometry, featuring two chloride ligands and two amine groups bound to a central platinum atom. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₈Cl₂N₄Pt Mode of Action DNA … Read more
Source and Occurrence of Atropine Atropine is extracted from Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), and other Solanaceae family members. It is a tropane alkaloid with potent antimuscarinic properties. Isolation Extraction: Acid-Base Extraction: Acidic Extraction: Plant material is treated with an aqueous acid (e.g., HCl) to convert atropine into its water-soluble salt. Basification: The … Read more
Vincristine Sulphate is an anti-neoplastic agent used in leukemia and lymphomas by inhibiting microtubule assembly and cell division. Structure of Vincristine Sulphate Vincristine is another vinca alkaloid similar to Vinblastine, comprising the same monomers: catharanthine and vindoline, but with slight structural variations. Chemical Formula: C₂₇H₂₈N₄O₁₂ Mode of Action Microtubule Inhibition: Binds to tubulin, preventing microtubule … Read more
Vinblastine Sulphate is an anti-neoplastic alkaloid used in cancers like Hodgkin’s lymphoma by inhibiting microtubule formation and cell division. Structure of Vinblastine Sulphate Vinblastine is a vinca alkaloid comprising two monomers: catharanthine and vindoline, linked together. Chemical Formula: C₄₈H₅₈N₁₄O₁₂ Mode of Action Microtubule Inhibition: Binds to tubulin, preventing microtubule assembly and disassembly. Mitotic Arrest: Halts … Read more
Etoposide is an anti-neoplastic agent used in lung and testicular cancers by inhibiting topoisomerase II and causing DNA strand breaks. Structure of Etoposide Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin derivative featuring a dioxolane ring and a dihydropyran ring linked to a benzene ring. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₁₄O₆ Mode of Action Topoisomerase II Inhibition: Prevents DNA strand re-ligation, causing … Read more
Doxorubicin is an anti-neoplastic antibiotic used in various cancers by intercalating DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, blocking cancer cell replication. Structure of Doxorubicin Doxorubicin, also an anthracycline antibiotic, features a tetracyclic ring structure with a daunosamine sugar moiety and a hydroxyl group. Chemical Formula: C₂₉H₂₁NO₁₄ Mode of Action DNA Intercalation: Disrupts DNA replication and transcription … Read more
Daunorubicin is an anti-neoplastic antibiotic used in leukemia treatment by intercalating DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II activity. Structure of Daunorubicin It is an anthracycline antibiotic characterized by a tetracyclic ring structure with a daunosamine sugar moiety. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₂₈N₂O₁₃ Mode of Action DNA Intercalation: Inserts between DNA base pairs, disrupting DNA replication and transcription. Topoisomerase … Read more
Dactinomycin is an anti-neoplastic antibiotic used to treat cancers like Wilms’ tumor and sarcomas by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Structure of Dactinomycin It is also known as Actinomycin D, is a polypeptide antibiotic with a chromophore linked to two cyclic peptide components. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₁₉N₃O₇ Mode of Action DNA Intercalation: Dactinomycin inserts itself between DNA … Read more
