B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Chronic renal failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a gradual and progressive decline in kidney function that occurs over months to years. CKD can eventually lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), in which the kidneys are no longer able to function adequately to maintain the body’s homeostasis. ESRD requires renal replacement therapy, … Read more
Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function that occurs over a short period, usually within hours to days. It can result in the buildup of waste products, electrolyte imbalances, and fluid retention in the body, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated. … Read more
Morphological Classification of Bacteria is based on their morphology (shape), arrangement, staining properties, and other characteristics. Here are the main types of morphological classification: Based on Shape: Cocci: Spherical bacteria. Diplococci: Pairs of cocci (e.g., Neisseria). Streptococci: Chains of cocci (e.g., Streptococcus). Staphylococci: Clusters of cocci (e.g., Staphylococcus). Tetrads: Groups of four cocci (e.g., Micrococcus). … Read more
Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung diseases characterized by persistent airflow limitation and increased inflammation in the airways. It primarily includes two main conditions: Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi leading to increased mucus production and airway narrowing, resulting in a persistent cough often called … Read more
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways (bronchi) that carry air in and out of the lungs. This inflammation and constriction can cause episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or early in the morning. Asthma affects people of all ages, but it often … Read more
Introduction of Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques made of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries, leading to narrowed and hardened arteries. Types Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Affects the arteries supplying blood to the heart. Carotid Artery Disease: Affects the arteries supplying blood to the brain. Peripheral Artery … Read more
Introduction to Angina: Angina, or anginal pectoris, is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood. It is a symptom of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). Types Stable Angina: Occurrence: Predictably with physical exertion or emotional stress. Relief: Rest or nitroglycerin. Unstable Angina: Occurrence: Unpredictably, may occur at … Read more
Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for a long enough time to cause damage or death of the heart muscle. Types ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Severity: Severe type where a major coronary artery is completely blocked. ECG Changes: ST-segment elevation on the … Read more
Ultra-structure of Bacteria Bacteria are single-celled, prokaryotic microorganisms that are found in virtually every environment on Earth. They belong to the domain Bacteria, one of the two domains of prokaryotes, the other being Archaea. Bacteria are among the earliest forms of life, appearing about 3.5 billion years ago. The ultra-structure of bacteria refers to the … Read more
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes All living organisms are categorized into two fundamental types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. This distinction is based on cellular structure and complexity. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes encompass a broad range of organisms including animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a defined nucleus … Read more
