The pathogenesis of cancer involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors leading to the transformation of normal cells into malignant ones. Key mechanisms and processes of Pathogenesis of Cancer include: 1. Genetic Mutations Oncogenes: Mutations activate genes like RAS and MYC, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation. Tumor Suppressor Genes: Inactivation of genes like … Read more
The etiology of cancer involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Here are the primary factors contributing to Etiology cancer development: 1. Genetic Factors Inherited Mutations: Certain genetic mutations increase cancer risk. For example: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are linked to higher risks of breast and ovarian cancers. Family History: A family history … Read more
Cancer Classification is based on several criteria including the tissue of origin, the type of cell involved, and the degree of malignancy. Here is a detailed classification: 1. Cancer Classification Based on Tissue of Origin Carcinomas: These are cancers that arise from epithelial cells, which line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Carcinomas … Read more
Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints. This results in sudden and severe pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness in the affected joints, often the big toe. Gout attacks can occur suddenly and are often very … Read more
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures. It occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone. This leads to bones becoming porous and fragile. Overview of Osteoporosis: It is a bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone … Read more
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues, causing inflammation in the joint lining. Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis: It is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and potential joint destruction. It can also have systemic effects, … Read more
Alcoholic liver disease results from excessive alcohol consumption, leading to liver damage. It progresses through three stages: fatty liver (steatosis), alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Symptoms can include jaundice, abdominal pain, and liver dysfunction. Continued alcohol abuse can lead to liver failure and other serious health complications. Overview Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of … Read more
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver and can be caused by viruses, alcohol, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms Common symptoms of hepatitis include: Fatigue Loss of Appetite Nausea and Vomiting Abdominal Pain Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) Dark Urine Pale Stools Joint Pain Types of Hepatitis There are six main types of viral, … Read more
Jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood. It can be caused by a variety of conditions affecting the liver, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bile duct obstruction. It indicates an underlying problem with the liver or bile ducts. Symptoms Common … Read more
Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The two main types are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. The exact cause is unknown, but it involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Symptoms of Inflammatory bowel diseases: Common symptoms of … Read more