Redox titrations are of various types, including permanganate, dichromate, iodometric, and iodimetric titrations. 1. Cerimetry: Principle: Cerimetry involves the use of cerium(IV) salts, such as cerium(IV) sulfate, as the oxidizing titrant. In this process, cerium(IV) ions are reduced to cerium(III) ions when they react with reducing agents in the analyte. Applications: Cerimetry is used to … Read more
Construction and Working of Indicator Electrodes are electrodes that respond to the activity of ions in a solution. Their potential varies depending on the concentration of a particular ion. Common types include metal electrodes and glass electrodes. 1.Metal Electrodes is Construction and Working of Indicator Electrodes Construction: Metal electrodes, such as platinum or gold, are … Read more
Construction and Working of Reference electrodes are half-cells with a stable and well-defined electrode potential. These electrodes are used to provide a constant potential against which the potential of other electrodes can be measured. Common reference electrodes include the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode (Ag/AgCl), and Calomel Electrode. 1.Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) as Construction … Read more
The Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) is commonly used in polarography and electrochemical techniques. It provides a clean, renewable surface for redox reactions, offering low background current and reproducibility. Construction of Dropping Mercury Electrode: Capillary Tube: A fine glass tube with an internal diameter of 10-50 µm through which mercury flows. The tube is mounted vertically … Read more
Applications of Polarography is used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of reducible or oxidizable substances in solutions. Trace Analysis in Applications of Polarography: Used for detecting and quantifying trace amounts of electroactive species (e.g., metal ions, organic compounds) with high sensitivity and selectivity. Environmental Monitoring in Applications of Polarography: Determines concentrations of heavy metals … Read more
The Rotating Platinum Electrode (RPE) is used in electrochemical experiments, especially in rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) configurations. It provides enhanced mass transport for studying redox reactions, kinetics, and mass transfer. Construction of Rotating Platinum Electrode: Platinum Disk: A flat, polished platinum disk (1-10 mm in diameter) mounted on insulating material … Read more
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in 1922. It measures the current-potential (I-V) relationship by applying a gradually increasing voltage to a working electrode in a solution containing the analyte. The current results from redox reactions at the electrode surface. Principle of Polarography Polarography is based on measuring current as a function … Read more
Methods to Determine End Point in Potentiometric Titrations, the end point is identified by monitoring changes in the electrode potential as the titrant is added to the analyte solution. Several methods can be used to accurately determine the end point: 1. Graphical Methods to Determine End Point in Potentiometric Titrations The electrode potential is plotted … Read more
An Electrochemical cell is a device that either generates electrical energy from chemical reactions or uses electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. It consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode) in contact with an electrolyte, a medium containing ions that conduct electricity. The electrodes, typically made of conductive materials like metals or carbon, may also … Read more
Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique that measures the potential difference (voltage) between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell with no or negligible current flow. The potential difference is related to the concentration of ions or molecules in a solution and can be determined using the Nernst equation or other relevant relationships. Potentiometry is widely used … Read more
