Pharmaceutical Analysis I

Introduction to Modified Volhard’s Method: The Modified Volhard’s method, also called the “direct Volhard’s method,” simplifies the original Volhard’s method by eliminating the back-titration step. It combines the addition of excess silver nitrate and the titration with thiocyanate into a single step, making the procedure faster and more efficient. Principle of Modified Volhard’s Method: Like … Read more

Introduction to Volhard’s method: Volhard’s method is an indirect precipitation titration used to determine halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) and thiocyanate (SCN⁻) in solution. It involves two steps: adding an excess of silver nitrate to precipitate the halide, followed by a back-titration of unreacted silver ions with a standardized thiocyanate solution. The endpoint is indicated … Read more

Introduction to Mohr’s method: Mohr’s method is a precipitation titration used to determine chloride ion concentrations in a solution. It uses silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the titrant, forming a white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl). Potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) is used as the indicator, which forms a red precipitate of silver chromate (Ag₂CrO₄) at the endpoint. … Read more

Precipitation titrations are a type of volumetric analysis in which a titrant is added to a solution containing an analyte to form a sparingly soluble precipitate. The endpoint of the titration is reached when the analyte has completely reacted with the titrant, and no further precipitation occurs. Precipitation titrations are often used to determine the … Read more

In a pharmaceutical context, Estimation of Ephedrine HCl concentration of in formulations is crucial for quality control and ensuring therapeutic efficacy while maintaining safety. Ephedrine HCl is a medication and stimulant often used in pharmaceutical preparations for its bronchodilating, decongesting, and central nervous system stimulating effects. One of the methods for estimating Ephedrine HCl is … Read more

Acidimetry and alkalimetry are two common types of titrations used to determine the concentration of acidic or basic solutions, respectively. Acidimetry and alkalimetry involve the use of an acid or a base as the titrant to react with the analyte, which is either a base or an acid, respectively. Acidimetry: Acidimetry is a titration process … Read more

Solvents play a crucial role in non-aqueous titrations, as they can influence the solubility of the analyte and titrant, the reaction kinetics, and the acid-base properties of the substances involved. The choice of solvent depends on the specific requirements of the titration and the nature of the analyte and titrant. Here are some common solvent … Read more

Estimation of Sodium Benzoate is important to ensure product safety and compliance with regulations. Sodium benzoate is a common preservative used in food, medications, and cosmetics. The quantitative determination of sodium benzoate can be conducted using various methods, including UV spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and titration. Typical titration method for estimation of sodium benzoate … Read more

Non-aqueous titration is a type of titration in which the solvent used is not water, but rather a different solvent that does not contain water. They are used when the analyte or the titrant is insoluble in water, when the reaction is too slow in water, or when water-sensitive compounds are involved in the titration. … Read more

Neutralization curves are graphical representation of the pH of a solution during an acid-base titration. The pH is plotted on the y-axis, while the volume of the titrant (either acid or base) added is plotted on the x-axis. The shape of the neutralization curves depends on the nature of the acid and the base involved … Read more