Pharmaceutical Analysis I

Estimations of magnesium sulfate by complexometric titration involves titrating with EDTA using Eriochrome Black T as an indicator to determine magnesium content. Introduction of Estimation of Magnesium Sulfate by Complexometric Titration: Estimation of Magnesium Sulfate by Complexometric Titration In pharmaceutical analysis, the estimations of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is done using complexometric titration with EDTA as … Read more

Introduction of Estimation of Calcium Gluconate by Complexometric Titration: Estimation of Calcium Gluconate by Complexometric Titration in pharmaceutical analysis, calcium gluconate (Ca(C₆H₁₁O₇)₂) is estimated using complexometric titration with EDTA as the titrant. The titration is based on the formation of a stable complex between EDTA and calcium ions (Ca²⁺). Apparatus and Reagents: Burette Erlenmeyer flask … Read more

Masking and demasking are techniques used to selectively protect or reveal certain ions or functional groups during chemical reactions or analysis. These techniques are particularly useful in complex mixtures to control the reactivity of specific components and prevent unwanted side reactions. 1. Masking: Masking involves temporarily protecting a specific ion or group by forming a … Read more

Metal ion indicators, also known as chelating indicators or metallochromic indicators, are organic compounds that form colored complexes with metal ions. They are used in complexometric titrations to detect the endpoint, which occurs when all the metal ions in the sample have reacted with the chelating agent. Indicators are selected based on their ability to … Read more

Classification of Complexometric Titrations is based on the type of metal ion determined, the titration method used, and the nature of the indicator or masking agents involved. Direct Titration in Classification of Complexometric Titrations: In this method, metal ions in the sample are titrated directly with a chelating agent, such as EDTA. The endpoint is … Read more

Introduction of Complexometric Titration: It is a volumetric analysis technique used to determine the concentration of metal ions by forming a complex with a chelating agent (titrant). It is commonly applied in fields such as chemistry, environmental science, and pharmaceutical analysis, particularly for quantifying metal ions, especially transition metals. Principle of Complexometric Titration: The titration … Read more

In pharmaceutical analysis, the estimation of sodium chloride (NaCl) can be done through precipitation titrations. Precipitation titrations are a type of volumetric analysis where a precipitating agent is added to the sample to cause the formation of a solid precipitate. The endpoint of the titration is reached when all of the analyte has reacted to … Read more

Introduction to Fajans Method: Fajans method, also known as the adsorption indicator method, is used for determining halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) and other anions like thiocyanate (SCN⁻). It uses silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the titrant and an adsorption indicator, such as fluorescein, to detect the endpoint based on color change. Principle of Fajans Method: … Read more

Introduction to Modified Volhard’s Method: The Modified Volhard’s method, also called the “direct Volhard’s method,” simplifies the original Volhard’s method by eliminating the back-titration step. It combines the addition of excess silver nitrate and the titration with thiocyanate into a single step, making the procedure faster and more efficient. Principle of Modified Volhard’s Method: Like … Read more

Introduction to Volhard’s method: Volhard’s method is an indirect precipitation titration used to determine halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) and thiocyanate (SCN⁻) in solution. It involves two steps: adding an excess of silver nitrate to precipitate the halide, followed by a back-titration of unreacted silver ions with a standardized thiocyanate solution. The endpoint is indicated … Read more