Acridine is a nitrogen heterocyclic compound used in dyes, antiseptics, and anticancer research in medicinal chemistry. Chemical Formula of Acridine: C₁₃H₉N Physical Properties of Acridine: Property Value Appearance Yellow crystalline solid Melting Point ~110 °C Boiling Point ~345 °C Solubility Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether Basicity pKa ~5.5 Medicinal Uses: Used … Read more
Reactions of Isoquinoline include electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction important in medicinal chemistry. Reactions of Isoquinoline Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) Preferred at benzene ring positions: Especially C-5 and C-8 (similar to quinoline). EAS is harder on the pyridine ring (C-1 to C-4). Examples: Nitration: HNO₃/H₂SO₄ → 5-nitroisoquinoline Bromination: Br₂/FeBr₃ → 5-bromoisoquinoline Sulfonation: Concentrated … Read more
Isoquinoline is a benzopyridine heterocyclic compound significant in alkaloids, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic organic chemistry. Chemical Formula of Isoquinoline: C₉H₇N Physical Properties of Isoquinoline: Property Value Appearance Yellowish liquid Boiling Point ~243 °C Melting Point ~25 °C Solubility Slightly soluble in water Basicity pKa ~5.4 (slightly more basic than quinoline) Medicinal Uses: Found in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids … Read more
Reactions of Quinoline involve electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction crucial in drug development. Reactions of Quinoline Electrophilic Substitution (EAS) Preferred Sites: C-5 and C-8 on the benzene ring (electron-rich) C-3 and C-4 are deactivated Typical Reactions: Nitration (mild): C-5 or C-8 Sulfonation: C-5 or C-8 Halogenation: Br₂ or Cl₂ at benzene ring positions … Read more
Synthesis of Quinoline covers Skraup, Doebner–Miller, Friedländer, and Combes routes with key reagents, mechanisms, and uses. Skraup Synthesis (classical method) Reactants: Aniline + glycerol + oxidizing acid (e.g., H₂SO₄ + nitrobenzene) Mechanism: Glycerol is dehydrated to acrolein, which condenses with aniline, followed by cyclization and oxidation. Reaction: Aniline + Glycerol + H₂SO₄ + Nitrobenzene → … Read more
Quinoline is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound widely used in antimalarial drugs, dyes, and medicinal chemistry research. Chemical Formula of Quinoline: C₉H₇N Physical Properties of Quinoline: Property Value Appearance Colorless to yellow liquid Boiling Point ~238 °C Melting Point ~-15 °C Solubility Slightly soluble in water Basicity Lower than pyridine (pKa ~4.9) Medicinal Uses: Core structure … Read more
Reactions of Pyridine include electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction important in drug synthesis. Reactions of Pyridine Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) Due to nitrogen’s electron-withdrawing nature, pyridine is much less reactive than benzene toward EAS. Preferred Positions: C-3 (meta) is the most reactive site for EAS (less destabilized intermediate). Deactivation: Protonation or complexation with … Read more
Synthesis of Pyridine covers Hantzsch, Kröhnke, and Bohlmann–Rahtz routes with reagents, mechanisms, and medicinal chemistry applications. Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis (most common lab method) Reactants: Aldehyde + β-keto ester + ammonia Conditions: Reflux in ethanol Example: 2 CH₃COCH₂COOEt + CH₃CHO + NH₃ → Dihydropyridine → Pyridine (oxidation) The dihydropyridine intermediate is oxidized (e.g., with nitric acid … Read more
Synthesis of Oxazole involves methods like Robinson-Gabriel synthesis, Fischer oxazole synthesis, and cyclization of α-acylaminoketones. Robinson–Gabriel Synthesis (Classical method) Reactants: α-acylaminoketones Reagents: Acidic dehydrating agents (e.g., P₂O₅, POCl₃) Reaction: R–CO–CH₂–NH–CO–R’ → Oxazole (via cyclodehydration) Mechanism: Intramolecular cyclization Dehydration Aromatization Bredereck Synthesis Reactants: α-haloketone + formamide Reaction: CH₃COCH₂Cl + HCONH₂ → 2-methyl-oxazole Good for substituted oxazoles … Read more
Reactions of Oxazole include electrophilic substitution at the 5-position, nucleophilic substitution at the 2-position, and ring-opening reactions. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) The ring is electron-deficient (due to N and O), so EAS is more difficult than in pyrrole, furan, or imidazole. Most reactive site: C-5, due to resonance stabilization of the intermediate. Examples: Nitration (HNO₃/H₂SO₄) … Read more
