Cis-Trans Nomenclature names geometrical isomers by positioning similar groups on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of a double bond or ring. When to Use: Use the Cis-Trans system when each carbon in the double bond has one identical group. It is suitable for: Simple alkenes with symmetrical groups, Cycloalkanes, where two substituents … Read more
Syn-Anti System (Syn-Anti Nomenclature) describes stereoisomers by the relative positions of substituents on adjacent atoms or double bonds. Applicability: This system is less commonly used for simple alkenes and more common in: Cyclic compounds Organic reaction mechanisms (especially eliminations and additions) Carbohydrate and organometallic chemistry Rules and Definitions of Syn-Anti System Syn: Two groups (atoms … Read more
Methods of Determination of Configuration of Geometrical Isomers involve techniques to identify cis-trans or E-Z arrangements in molecules. Methods of Determination of Configuration of Geometrical Isomers Geometrical isomerism (cis-trans or E-Z isomerism) occurs in compounds with restricted rotation (such as double bonds or cyclic structures), leading to different spatial arrangements of groups around the bond … Read more
Conformational Isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism that arises from rotation around single covalent bonds, producing different spatial arrangements of atoms without breaking bonds. These conformers, such as staggered, eclipsed, or gauche forms, often differ in stability and energy, influencing the physical and chemical properties of molecules. Definition of Conformational Isomerism Conformational isomers (or conformers) … Read more
Geometrical Isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism where compounds differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond or ring, such as cis and transforms. Definition of Geometrical Isomerism: Geometrical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism (same molecular formula and bonding order, but different spatial arrangements of atoms or groups). It occurs due to the restricted … Read more
Asymmetric Synthesis (Chiral Synthesis) is a method of creating compounds with a preferred chirality to produce optically active molecules. Definition: Asymmetric synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms chiral products in a way that favors one stereoisomer (enantiomer or diastereomer) over the other. Essential in drug synthesis, since enantiomers can have different biological effects. Types … Read more
Racemic Modification (Racemization) is the formation of an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, making the mixture optically inactive. What is a Racemic Mixture? A racemic mixture (also called a racemate) is a 1:1 mixture of two enantiomers of a chiral compound: One is dextrorotatory (+) One is levorotatory (−) Their optical rotations cancel, so the … Read more
R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration) designates chiral centers as R or S based on substituent priority and spatial arrangement. R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration) The R/S system gives the absolute configuration of a chiral center using the sequence rules. Steps to assign R or S: Identify the chiral center. Assign priority (1–4) to … Read more
Resolution of Racemic Mixture is the process of separating two enantiomers from a racemic mixture to obtain optically active forms. Since enantiomers have identical physical properties (melting point, solubility, etc.), they cannot be separated by normal methods. So, we need special techniques to separate them — this process is called resolution. Definition: Resolution is the … Read more
Reactions of Chiral Molecules involve changes where chirality may be retained, inverted, or lost, influencing drug activity and biological effects. Reactions involving chiral molecules are influenced by stereochemistry, leading to different outcomes based on the chirality. Racemization A reaction where a single enantiomer is converted into an equal mixture of both enantiomers (racemic mixture). Racemic … Read more
