Principle of Venturimeter: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem. The fluid’s velocity increases, and pressure decreases as it passes through the throat of the Venturimeter. Formula: $Q = C_d A_1 \sqrt{\frac{2\Delta P}{\rho \left(1 – \left(\frac{A_2}{A_1}\right)^2 \right)}}$ Where: Q = flow rate Cd = discharge coefficient A1 = cross-sectional area of the pipe before the converging section A2 … Read more
Energy losses during the flow of fluid through a system occur due to various factors. Here are the main types of losses: Frictional Loss: Occurs due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe walls. Depends on the flow velocity, pipe diameter, fluid viscosity, and pipe roughness. Calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation: $h_f = … Read more
Flow of fluids is the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) from one location to another. It can be characterized based on various parameters such as velocity, pressure, and the type of fluid. Understanding fluid flow is essential in numerous engineering applications, including hydraulics, aerodynamics, and process engineering. Flow of fluids refers to the movement … Read more
Manometers are devices used to measure the pressure of fluids by balancing the fluid column against a known pressure. 1. Simple Manometers: Piezometer: Measures the pressure of a liquid column, usually open to the atmosphere. U-tube Manometer: Comprises a U-shaped tube filled with a liquid (often mercury or water) where one end is connected to … Read more
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) is the moisture level where wood neither gains nor loses water, balancing with surrounding air humidity Measurements of Equilibrium Moisture Content 1) Hygroscopic Methods: Static Equilibrium Method: The material is placed in a controlled environment (constant temperature and relative humidity) until no further weight change occurs. Dynamic Method: The material is … Read more
Objectives of Drying Preservation: Removing moisture from materials to prevent spoilage and microbial growth. Weight Reduction: Reducing the weight for easier handling, storage, and transportation. Volume Reduction: Decreasing the volume for efficient storage and packaging. Consistency: Achieving a specific consistency or texture in products, particularly in food processing. Preparation for Further Processing: Preparing materials for additional processes … Read more
