Heterocyclic Compounds are organic compounds with ring structures containing at least one heteroatom like nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. A heterocyclic compound is a cyclic compound that contains atoms of at least two different elements in its ring structure. Typically, these rings are made of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, such as: Nitrogen (N) … Read more
Cyclobutene is a four-membered ring with one double bond. The presence of the double bond makes it reactive in ways similar to other alkenes, but the ring strain also plays a significant role in its reactivity. Hydrogenation of Reactions of Cyclobutene: Cyclobutene can be hydrogenated to form Cyclobutane. This reaction reduces the double bond, increasing … Read more
Reactions of Cyclopropane is a three-membered ring with significant angle strain due to its 60° bond angles (compared to the ideal 109.5° for sp³ hybridized carbons). This strain makes cyclopropane relatively reactive, particularly in reactions that relieve this strain. Hydrogenation: Cyclopropane can be hydrogenated in the presence of a metal catalyst (like Pd/C) to form … Read more
Introduction of Sachse-Mohr Theory: Sachse and Mohr Theory expanded on the idea of non-planar conformations by proposing a theory specifically for cyclohexane and larger rings. This theory is also known as the Theory of Stainless Rings. Key Concepts of Sachse-Mohr Theory: Chair Conformation: Sachse and Mohr proposed that cyclohexane adopts a chair conformation, where all … Read more
Introduction of Coulson and Moffitt’s Modification: Coulson and Moffitt’s Modification in 1947, modified Baeyer’s theory by introducing the concept of non-planar ring structures, particularly for cyclohexane. Key Concepts: Non-Planar Structures: They proposed that cyclohexane is not planar but rather adopts non-planar structures like the chair and boat conformations, which relieve angle strain. Bond Angle Deformation: Coulson … Read more
Baeyer’s Strain Theory of Cycloalkanes proposed by Adolf von Baeyer in 1885, Baeyer’s Strain Theory is one of the earliest theories explaining the stability of cycloalkanes. Key Concepts of Baeyer’s Strain Theory of Cycloalkanes : Angle Strain: The theory is based on the idea that carbon atoms in a cycloalkane are sp³ hybridized, and therefore, … Read more
Cycloalkanes Methods of Preparation Generally, there are four Cycloalkanes Methods of Preparation which are stated below with the examples: 1. Hydrogenation of Aromatic Compounds: Process: Aromatic compounds like benzene can be hydrogenated in the presence of a catalyst (usually nickel, palladium, or platinum) under high pressure to produce cycloalkanes. Example: C6H6 (benzene) + 3H2 → Ni, heat … Read more
Cycloalkanes are a class of saturated hydrocarbons characterized by a closed ring structure made up of carbon atoms connected by single bonds. Each carbon atom in the ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms, with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ, where “n” represents the number of carbon atoms in the ring. … Read more
Structure of Triphenylmethane: Triphenylmethanes have a central carbon atom bonded to three phenyl groups. Its molecular formula is C19H16. Synthesis of Triphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride to form triphenylmethanes. $\mathrm{3C_6H_6 + CHCl_3 \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C(C_6H_5)_3 + 3HCl}$ Grignard Reaction: Reaction: Benzophenone reacts with phenylmagnesium bromide to form … Read more
Structure of Diphenylmethane: Diphenylmethanes consists of a methane molecule where two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. The molecular formula is C13H12. Synthesis of Diphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with benzyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride to form diphenylmethanes. $\mathrm{C_6H_6 + C_6H_5CH_2Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5CH_2C_6H_5 + HCl}$ Reactions of Diphenylmethane: Oxidation: … Read more
