Definition of Semisolid Dosage Forms Semisolid Dosage Forms are pharmaceutical preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes, having a consistency between solid and liquid. They are used for both local and systemic effects. These forms provide a medium for the drug to be delivered to the site of action, and their … Read more
Effective strategies can help mitigate physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibilities in pharmaceutical formulations, ensuring the safety, stability, and efficacy of the final product. 1. Physical Incompatibilities Alteration of Base Composition Changing the base (e.g., using cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, or PEG) can help manage incompatibilities. Use of Surfactants Adding surfactants improves the dispersion of active … Read more
Therapeutic incompatibilities occur when two or more drugs interact, leading to altered effects, reduced efficacy, increased toxicity, or unintended outcomes. These interactions can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion. Types and Causes of Therapeutic Incompatibilities: Antagonism Definition: When the effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects, reducing efficacy. … Read more
Definition of Chemical Incompatibilities: Chemical incompatibilities involve undesirable reactions between substances in a pharmaceutical formulation, leading to degradation, formation of new compounds, or changes in stability, appearance, or efficacy. Examples of Chemical Incompatibilitie: Alkaloid Incompatibilities Alkaloids can form insoluble salts when mixed with acids. Example: Morphine forms an insoluble precipitate when mixed with tannic acid. … Read more
Definition of Physical incompatibilities: Physical Incompatibilities involve changes in the appearance, texture, or stability of pharmaceutical formulations when substances with different physical properties are mixed. These incompatibilities can affect product quality, efficacy, and safety. Examples of Physical Incompatibilitie: Immiscibility Occurs when two liquids do not mix to form a homogeneous solution, leading to phase separation. … Read more
Definition of Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities: Pharmaceutical incompatibility refers to undesirable interactions between drugs or between a drug and its excipients (non-active ingredients) that can affect the safety, efficacy, or stability of a pharmaceutical product. These incompatibilities can occur during the formulation, storage, or administration of drugs, leading to changes in physical appearance, chemical stability, or therapeutic … Read more
Packaging and storage of suppositories are crucial to maintain their quality, stability, and efficacy throughout their shelf life. Suppositories are susceptible to changes in temperature, humidity, and light, which can affect their physical and chemical properties. Proper packaging and storage practices can help protect suppositories from these factors. Packaging: Suppositories should be individually wrapped in … Read more
The evaluation of suppositories is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. Key parameters assessed include: Weight Variation Suppositories should have uniform weight for accurate dosing. Individual suppositories are weighed, and the weight variation must fall within pharmacopeial limits. Appearance and Shape Suppositories should have a smooth, uniform appearance without cracks or air bubbles. The … Read more
Several methods exist for preparing suppositories, each with pros and cons. The choice of method depends on factors like the base type, drug solubility, stability, and available equipment. Below are the main methods: 1. Hand Molding Used for small-scale preparation in pharmacy settings. Involves manually shaping the suppository. Steps: Melt the suppository base in a … Read more
Definition of Suppositories Suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities, such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra, where they melt, soften, or dissolve to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s). They are typically made from a base material that is either lipophilic (fat-soluble) or hydrophilic (water-soluble). Types of suppositories: Rectal suppositories: These … Read more
