Industrial Production of Atropine Source: Atropine is an alkaloid extracted from plants of the Solanaceae family, notably Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Datura stramonium, and Mandragora officinarum. Extraction Process of Atropine: Cultivation: Plants are cultivated under controlled conditions to optimize alkaloid content. Harvesting: Aerial parts are harvested, dried, and processed. Extraction: Alkaline extraction using solvents like … Read more
Industrial Production of Digoxin Source: Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata. Extraction Process of Digoxin: Cultivation: lanata is cultivated, ensuring optimal growth conditions for maximum digoxins content. Harvesting: Leaves are harvested, dried, and processed. Extraction: Solvent extraction using alcohol or ether extracts the cardiac glycosides. Isolation: Techniques such as … Read more
Industrial Production of Diosgenin Source: Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin found in plants like Dioscorea species (wild yam) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek). Extraction Process: Harvesting: Plant parts (e.g., tubers) are harvested and dried. Extraction: Alkaline hydrolysis using solvents like ethanol or methanol breaks down saponins to release diosgenin. Isolation: Liquid-liquid extraction and solvent partitioning separate … Read more
Industrial Production of Artemisinin Source Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the sweet wormwood plant, Artemisia annua. Extraction Process: Cultivation: annua is cultivated under controlled conditions to optimize artemisinins yield. Harvesting: Leaves and flowering tops are harvested and dried. Extraction: Typically involves solvent extraction using hexane or ethanol. Isolation: Techniques such as column chromatography … Read more
Industrial Production of Sennoside Source: Sennosides are anthraquinone glycosides extracted mainly from plants of the genus Senna, such as Senna alexandrina and Senna obtusifolia. Extraction Process of Sennoside: Harvesting: Leaves and pods are harvested and dried. Extraction: Typically involves aqueous or alcoholic extraction to solubilize sennosides. Isolation: Techniques like liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography (e.g., silica … Read more
Forskolin: A labdane diterpene from Coleus forskolin, activates adenylate cyclase. Forskolin: Used in weight loss, glaucoma, and heart health research. Industrial Production of Forskolin Source: Forskolin is primarily extracted from the roots of Coleus forskohlii, a member of the mint family. Extraction Process of Forskolin: Harvesting: Roots are harvested, cleaned, and dried. Extraction: The dried … Read more
Source and Occurrence of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Glycyrrhetinic acid is derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root. It is the aglycone of glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin responsible for the sweet taste of licorice. Isolation Extraction: Alcoholic Extraction: Dried licorice root is powdered and extracted with ethanol or methanol to obtain the glycosides. Hydrolysis: Acid Hydrolysis: Glycyrrhizin is … Read more
Source and Occurrence of Podophyllotoxin Podophyllotoxin is extracted from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species (e.g., Podophyllum peltatum—Mayapple). It is a lignan with antiviral and anticancer properties. Isolation Extraction: Ethanolic or Methanolic Extraction: Dried Podophyllum roots are powdered and extracted with ethanol or methanol to obtain the resinous extract. Purification: Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Utilizing solvents … Read more
Definition of Resins Resins are viscous, solid or semi-solid mixtures of organic compounds, mainly terpenoids and derivatives, exuded by plants (especially conifers) and some insects for protection and structural purposes. Composition Diterpenes/Triterpenes: Backbone structures. Phenolic Compounds: Provide rigidity and reactivity. Other Compounds: Essential oils, alcohols, acids. Sources of Resins Plant Resin: E.g., pine resin, frankincense. … Read more
Source and Occurrence of Curcumin Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid found in Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family. It is responsible for turmeric’s bright yellow color and has extensive applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Isolation Extraction: Solvent Extraction: Dried turmeric rhizomes are powdered and … Read more
