Definition of Anemia Anemia is a condition with decreased red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin (Hb), reducing oxygen-carrying capacity and causing fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea. Types of Anemia Based on RBC Size (MCV): Microcytic (MCV < 80 fL): Iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia. Normocytic (MCV 80–100 fL): Acute blood loss, chronic disease, hemolysis. Macrocytic (MCV … Read more
This article explains the Drugs Used in the Therapy of Shock such as vasopressors, inotropes, and fluids for emergency care. Drugs Used in the Therapy of Shock help restore blood pressure, perfusion, and organ function in critical conditions. Shock is a critical condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, leading to cellular dysfunction and … Read more
Shock It is a life-threatening condition where inadequate tissue perfusion leads to cellular dysfunction, organ failure, and death if not promptly treated. Pathophysiology Initial Stage – Compensatory mechanisms (tachycardia, vasoconstriction) maintain perfusion. Progressive Stage – Oxygen delivery fails → Anaerobic metabolism → Lactic acidosis → Cell dysfunction. Irreversible Stage – Multi-organ failure → Death if … Read more
Learn about Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs including statins, fibrates, and other agents used to manage cholesterol and triglycerides. Hyperlipidemia involves elevated levels of lipids in the blood, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs aim to lower lipid levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Major Classes … Read more
Angina Pectoris refers to chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Anti-Anginal Drugs aim to relieve and prevent angina by improving myocardial oxygen supply or reducing demand. Major Classes of Anti-Anginal Drugs 1. Nitrates Examples: Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate, Isosorbide Dinitrate MOA: Donate nitric oxide (NO), causing vasodilation … Read more
Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs are classified based on the Vaughan-Williams classification into four main classes, each with distinct mechanisms of action. Learn about Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs including their classes, mechanisms, and clinical uses in treating arrhythmias effectively. Cardiac Arrhythmias are disturbances in the normal rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. Major Classes of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: 1. Class I: Sodium … Read more
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Anti-hypertensive drugs aim to lower blood pressure through various mechanisms. Major Classes of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs: 1. Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone MOA: Inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Benefits: Reduce blood … Read more
Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and digitalis to improve heart function. Understanding Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is vital for symptom relief, slowing disease progression, and enhancing survival. Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet … Read more
