Separation Methods are vital in pharmaceuticals, chemistry, food, and environmental analysis. Separation Methods involve techniques to isolate and purify components from mixtures efficiently. These are based on the physical separation of particles by size, using external forces. Sieving Applicable to coarse particles (>50 µm). A stack of sieves with decreasing mesh size is used. The … Read more
Counting Methods aid in micromeritics, ensuring accuracy in particle size analysis. These are the techniques to determine particle numbers in dispersions and powders. These determine size by counting individual particles and measuring them directly. Microscopy Optical Microscopy: Suitable for particles in the 1–100 µm range. A small amount of sample is spread on a slide, … Read more
Methods For Determining Particle Size explain techniques like microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. Methods For Determining Particle Size helps in quality control of pharmaceuticals, food, and materials. Particle size can be measured using different principles and instruments. These methods can be broadly classified as: Category Examples of Techniques Counting Methods Optical microscopy, electron microscopy Separation Methods … Read more
Number and Weight Distribution explains particle size analysis based on count and mass of particles. It is the key in micromeritics for drug formulation and quality control. Number Distribution Based on counting the number of particles in each size range. Sensitive to smaller particles. Determined by methods like microscopy or Coulter counter. Weight or Volume … Read more
Particle Size and Distribution describe how particles vary in dimensions within a system. It affects drug dissolution, bioavailability, and stability. Particle Size Refers to the dimension of individual particles. Most pharmaceutical powders consist of irregularly shaped particles. Particle size is typically expressed as an equivalent diameter (the diameter of a sphere with similar properties, such … Read more
Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles, particularly in the micron or submicron range. It is crucial in pharmaceutical formulations because particle size influences: Dissolution rate Bioavailability Flow properties Mixing and compaction Stability (suspensions and emulsions)
Methods of Emulsion Formulation include dry gum, wet gum, bottle, and in-situ soap methods. It ensures stable emulsions for pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. Emulsion formulation involves the dispersion of one immiscible liquid into another with the help of an emulsifying agent. The goal is to create a stable and uniform system. Common Methods Used in … Read more
Rheological Properties of Emulsions reveal interactions between dispersed droplets and continuous phase. Rheological Properties of Emulsions is the study of flow and deformation of matter. In emulsions, rheology influences pourability, spreadability, stability, and user acceptability. Flow Behavior Types: Newtonian: Viscosity remains constant (e.g., water, some dilute emulsions) Non-Newtonian: Pseudoplastic (shear-thinning): Viscosity decreases with shear (common … Read more
Preservation of Emulsions ensures product safety, stability, and therapeutic effectiveness. It is essential to prevent microbial contamination, chemical degradation, and to extend shelf life during storage. Methods of Preservation Use of Preservatives Common preservatives: Parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben) Phenoxyethanol Sorbic acid Benzyl alcohol Must be effective in both aqueous and oily phases. Antioxidants (for oil phase) … Read more
Stability of Emulsions refers to the ability of dispersed droplets to resist coalescence and phase separation. It is vital in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics for product effectiveness. Stability refers to the ability of an emulsion to resist changes such as separation, creaming, cracking, or phase inversion over time. Types of Instability in Emulsions Instability may … Read more
