Drug Dependence

Definition of Drug Dependence:

• Dependence is a state where the body adapts to the presence of a drug, and withdrawal symptoms occur upon stopping the drug.

Types:

1. Physical Dependence

   • Characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon drug discontinuation
   • Result of neuroadaptation
   • Common with: opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol
   • Examples of Withdrawal Symptoms:
     • Opioids: Yawning, cramps, diarrhea, mydriasis
     • Alcohol: Tremors, seizures, hallucinations
     • Benzodiazepines: Anxiety, tremors, seizures

2. Psychological Dependence

   • Emotional-motivational withdrawal (craving, anxiety, dysphoria)
   • Stronger component in addiction
   • Common with: cocaine, cannabis, nicotine

Dependence vs. Addiction:

• Dependence can occur with chronic medical use (e.g., opioids in cancer pain) without addiction
• Addiction includes compulsive use and loss of control

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