Ephedrine

• Ephedrine is a naturally occurring alkaloid and stimulant derived from the plant Ephedra.
• It acts as both a sympathomimetic agent and bronchodilator, stimulating the central nervous system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine.
• Medically, ephedrine is used to treat conditions such as hypotension, nasal congestion, and bronchospasm in asthma.

Chemical Structure & Formula

• Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₅NO
• Structure:
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Mechanism of Action (Detailed)

• Directly activates α1, α2, β1, and β2 receptors.
• Increases norepinephrine release → Enhances sympathetic activity.
• Crosses the blood-brain barrier → CNS stimulation.

Physiological Effects

1. Cardiovascular:

   • Increases BP & HR (α1 and β1 effects).
   • Vasoconstriction (α1 effect).

2. Respiratory:

   • Bronchodilation (β2 effect, but weaker than salbutamol).

3. CNS:

   • Increases alertness, reduces fatigue.
   • Mild euphoria & appetite suppression.

Side Effects of Ephedrine

• Hypertension & Tachycardia
• Restlessness, Insomnia
• Urinary retention

Clinical Uses of Ephedrine

• Nasal decongestant
• Hypotension (during anesthesia)
• Mild bronchodilator (historically used for asthma, now replaced by β2 agonists)

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