Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are psychoactive drugs that alter perception, mood, and thought, often causing hallucinations.

Definition of Hallucinogens:

• Substances that cause altered perception, hallucinations, and mood changes.

Classification of Hallucinogens:

1. Classical (Psychedelics)

   • Primarily serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists
   • Examples:
     • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
     • Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
     • Mescaline (peyote cactus)
     • DMT (dimethyltryptamine)

2. Dissociative

   • Antagonists of NMDA glutamate receptors
   • Produce detachment from body and surroundings
   • Examples:
     • Ketamine
     • Phencyclidine (PCP)

3. Deliriants

   • Block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
   • Cause confusion and realistic hallucinations
   • Examples:
     • Scopolamine
     • Atropine
     • Datura species

Mechanism of Action:

• Classical hallucinogens stimulate serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT2A, altering sensory processing.
• Dissociatives block NMDA receptors, affecting glutamate neurotransmission.
• Deliriants inhibit acetylcholine, disrupting normal brain signaling.

Effects:

• Visual and auditory hallucinations
• Altered time perception
• Euphoria or dysphoria
• Synesthesia (mixing of senses)

Adverse Effects:

• Hallucinations, flashbacks, panic attacks, psychosis
• Ketamine/PCP: dissociation, aggression, neurotoxicity
• Minimal physical dependence, but risk of psychological addiction

Therapeutic Investigations (Experimental):

• Psilocybin, MDMA being explored for depression, PTSD

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