Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism Introduction

• Hyperthyroidism of thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, in front of the trachea.
• It produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy generation, and overall growth and development.
• Thyroid diseases are common and can affect the structure or function of the thyroid gland.
• They are broadly classified into hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer.
• It overactive thyroid, occurs when the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, speeding up the body’s metabolic processes.

Causes

1. Graves’ Disease: An autoimmune disorder and the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, where antibodies stimulate the thyroid to produce excess hormones.
2. Thyroid Nodules: Toxic adenomas or multinodular goiter can lead to overproduction of thyroid hormones.
3. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland can cause temporary hyperthyroidism.
4. Excessive Iodine: High iodine intake from diet or medications can lead to hyperthyroidism.
5. Medications: Certain medications can induce it.

Symptoms

• Weight loss
• Heat intolerance
• Increased appetite
• Tremors
• Palpitations and tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
• Anxiety and irritability
• Increased sweating
• Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
• Menstrual irregularities

Diagnosis

1. Blood Tests: Measurement of TSH and free T4 levels. Low TSH and high T4 indicate hyperthyroidism.
2. Thyroid Antibody Tests: To diagnose Graves’ disease.
3. Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test: To determine the cause of measuring how much iodine the thyroid gland absorbs.

Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroidism:

1. Graves’ Disease: Autoimmune disorder where antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive thyroid hormones.
2. Thyroid Nodules: Overactive nodules can produce excess thyroid hormones independently.

Treatment

1. Antithyroid Medications: Methimazole and propylthiouracil reduce thyroid hormone production.
2. Radioactive Iodine Therapy: Destroys overactive thyroid cells.
3. Beta-Blockers: Manage symptoms like rapid heart rate and tremors.
4. Thyroid Surgery: Partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland in severe cases.

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