General Introduction to Liquorice (Triterpenoids):
- Liquorice is a medicinal plant that is rich in triterpenoid saponins, particularly glycyrrhizin, which is responsible for its characteristic sweet taste and therapeutic properties.
- It has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and hepatoprotective effects.
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Synonyms of Liquorice (Triterpenoids)
- Common name: Licorice, Sweet root
- Scientific name: Glycyrrhiza glabra
- Synonyms: Mulethi (Hindi)
Biological Source:
- Obtained from the dried roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra.
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Family:
- Fabaceae
Composition:
- Triterpenoid saponins:
- Glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid): The main bioactive compound.
- Glycyrrhetic acid: Aglycone form of glycyrrhizin.
- Flavonoids: Liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin.
- Polysaccharides: Starch and gums.
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Chemistry & Chemical Classes:
- Chemical Class: Triterpenoid saponins.
- Structure:
- Glycyrrhizin is a glycoside of glycyrrhetic acid, with two glucuronic acid residues.
- It is amphipathic, enabling its surfactant-like properties.
- Solubility: Water-soluble due to glycosidic linkages.
Therapeutic Uses:
- Anti-inflammatory: Glycyrrhizin inhibits enzymes involved in inflammation (e.g., COX and LOX pathways).
- Hepatoprotective: Used in liver disorders such as hepatitis.
- Expectorant: Helps in respiratory conditions like bronchitis and cough by loosening mucus.
- Gastroprotective: Treats peptic ulcers by promoting mucus secretion and reducing acidity.
- Anti-viral: Shows activity against viruses like hepatitis C and herpes.
Commercial Applications of Liquorice (Triterpenoids):
- Used in herbal cough syrups and lozenges for its soothing effect on the throat.
- Flavored teas and confectionery products due to its natural sweetness.
- Extracts of glycyrrhizin are used in skin-lightening and anti-inflammatory cosmetic formulations.
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